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1 5.18ޣ
0.1
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үˣū𣿡
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δϷͨغһͷĴУʱͷԼᱳۣʯһû֪
ı˿ζЩγġԭ룺ǰҹĺ֢´βôϷˡ
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޸ݣ1.޸˴ǣ֣·ִң
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2 5.18ޣ
0.2
ݽԭһûţȸŵɳεɽڽסһЩʱգշ˽һ뿪󣬽ҾȸŵĸӹԳƣҲЩվ֮ء
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ϧУǱߵȴһ޶ϵүֻŭ½ʦԸȢ㣬ҪŹϱˡ
仰ֱӰѽð
⻰ʱԼѾԽϷУûнָûпϵͳǴ󿪺󹬵ǰŻûȱ˿˵µĺţϵ˵ԼҪ޸ˣȫǽ󹬵ĴŶˡ
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2.˴Խ趨ȫ顣ı佭趨


3 5.18ޣ
0.3
ү⼸տν˷ϲ¾ˬʸϰ񾩵ʦȻдྶͥڵĺõöࡣ
ǲ֪ôڴɱģȻʦѾ뿪½ʦµĻ黹ڣֻҪ飬Ҳȥ񾩵Ľڣ˵ܶʸʦ
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⻰һүҲǲޣĵǷˡ
ҲһͼӴ׵ҿܵǲû޾ͰڼӣԺˡ
⻰һ񣬹˵޶˵öԣϲ̨档
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ֿԼ˵һ䣺лֵܣ
۾һ̧ͿǰĹӣһϮҹɫ²˾䣺Բۣ


4 5.18ޣ
0.4
ֶ½ӡ󣬻ղеɫ꣬üҶ紺ůɫԼڹ߲㣬ֱ治·ϵͼƣֻ֪˼ѩɫͫ䣬۽ǲҲǷǾɡ
ǰǽ־û½ÿˣ·ɽˮ߳湫ӣǻиС
־վ½󣬿ĳƮƮĻϵͼӳȤͻСòЩۣĪ棬ֻϵİҹɫָ߲ʵĹ
˼񾩵ҹɫҲսЩݹһЩ뿪ݵӵܼа񾩵ʦһӣʿǣ
־ڷУԼС͵͵ȺϧãһͱһѲӵ½ץֽץ˻ȥ
λȥΪᱻúϴһ飬˭֪ûһȺӵܶΧҹɫ۴תˮ
½һأͱһȺΧסֲ½ĺţվסʹܵһȺС
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ǳǰ΢Ľֳ£رϵǲޱ¥Ʒеã˶ϲôѰˣֻҪϵңصζþòɢųһֻĽө̾ܽѰ
Ըӵǰȥ׷ˣ˭֪󣬳ȥ׷˵ӵҲˡ²֪ǳ£񾩵ʦ
ǣ񾩵ʦҲרſӵġǳбΪ·ҳ˴˵ȴ£ͶԽҲͣοĿǰΪ񣬷ֳӡһɳǰݵ飬һ½̽麷ˡ
ҹ̽麷˵;У˳־˽ˡ˺˵ûѰʲôˡ
ʱλʦã׼ȥ
½ļ˽˾Ͳ죬Ϊǰ񾩵ʦǼҵĻԺˣ
Ҳ֪Լçײˣֻõһ䣺ңֻ⺷δǺ°ӵܡ
½ϸǲмŰӳǾȥҲˣǲ֮ˣ㵨ûУ
⻰̵Ľ޹⣬ǼΪڴӵܣ˳в죬Ҳŭɫֻ
½Ŀǰ֮Ѿõѵһʣûɣ
һл̻أˡ
һߵĽ۴⣬ҹԼİﲹߣͱӵܸΧס
Ϊ׵˸˫ʺͭ壬뽭£ǽ޵ĵܵܣүĵӽҡ˽һᣬƽʱͶĽ־ȻҵɻǮʲô⣬յңԽˣ˸缸Ҫúý̽ʲôǹأԺ޵Ŷǽҵ
ҶԽֵ鲻̫ǶʱѧΪѡһ׼ؼҺ󣬲ŴĸֻƬ֪޳ܵĽֲ˽ĺ£Ѱ·
Ϊ˼򵥣ĸ볤Ļָ֮ܽԱǡǸ׵ķԸҪúñ֣ҲҲֻǻĺ£Ҫúýѵһ
Խհӵܣ໥ۣϾүĻ൱ģҲ뱣֡ټ˼ҵδڰ֮⣬Ҫǳ£Ҳÿº
ּ֪Ҫ屩սԸ񣬴ʹ˭˭
ڵһȭȥûֱҪ̡׻˵ɽڣûա½ģ½ʦ
ûרĵ½ģǺĽһ䣺𳳡
⻰һ䣬Һ߹¶ϲɫ
ּǲƽףˣҪһ
üʣȷʵҪ㣿
ΪڳǿЦŻ˭㲻ԹҪ˰ĺ£
ֽˣȺԽԽԶ˵ţȷʵô飿ûл͵Ļˣ
߹ֺµģҲһɵ⣬Цˣң磬Сӵİ
䣬Ҽֻ뽭һԶ
Χ£󣬶ڰĽһҪǲҪ
ȭ죬ϰϡʹ˷
ֿŽҼΪ׻Źһż˻ԴʵȤ
ֽⷢµĽȻû
ǴԼҵ鿴һ飬رȤͻһŷлһԣû뵽˸ᡣ
⼸˱ƭתģʵá
ˣҲڽҵİµõһʺߵĺûᡣ
ֿɾţǰӽүƭһŷݷԻôΣգҪ䵥ˣˣɾû˼޽ˡ
үһ߸ŷһŽӵҪʱ̱ý֣󡣽ֵ˷뿪Һбķ˭֪ھҪá
䲻ע⣬ŷݷݷ̽뽭һǧףҡڵ˳ˮɢʱ˻ĽҲȥһؽ֡
ֿɼƻȥݵ·ߣʵʲһ¡վڽһܵ·ļֻǻδܹͿǵĻѴʱ·Ʈһԭǽӵˡɲܱץ̲ص׸ߵҰݶ
Ⱥӵͷǽңǣһӫϸߣߵı˶һֻСĳӡ
ǣĽөָΧңĽөڴ˴ǻ϶˴ζΪŨңžط
ţңطζŨ
һ֪ϵԲʲôö̳£ˮߡȽӵҵʱţҵˡ
ҶˮݹŲ룺ѵ⽭ͶԾˣʧ׹ˣ
ǲǾܵóԸأ
һ²УȫûвӰסУȻ
ֱĶ࣬ľҹöģ˳С󣬾һŮӵĸԶ
תöݷ˶
ϦϦ⣬
ʲ֮
ˣߵˣʲô
ߵҲ󣬲֪ϦϦ֪
˳ȥֻһҶ˳ˮ£ֻһŮӣüף˴Լ
С۰Ůӵĸͣ˽ڵİߣŮӼҵҲ壬ЦʵλʦǣСŮˡ
ȫЦȻ´һŷִŮɴСһһ
ҵ˼ŮӣߵصӶˡ
ŮӶƵƵ۲ʾֵҪȥδ
ŮӼǰ˶ЦʦЦСŮˣūҲһͨˣʦĳޣū˵Ż¥Ļڽ磬ȥһ÷ɡ
Ż¥˾
ŮȣŽҵı۰ؿŽңָƵĽ棬˵һ
˶ԻУֻŮ̴ڣ΢΢ͳһɢһҵƻͨĻͳǰ
Ϲһ죬㣬һһϵڶ࣬ݡݺ衣
ЩӵĳһľֻǳŮ˵ţʦҲͬȥʦǣϴһ۵ġ
޼ָƮ棬һͨСš
ҵ˺˴һ˵ţãȥ
Ůӽ죬ֳöĸŽҵ򻨴
ɽľľ֦þ֪
ڲݴĽ֣һ䣺ɫͷһѵЩ˶ûŮ
ϧ뿪ͿŮӾȻ˵λڲݴĹӲҵͬȥ𣿡
һ䣬ֲشӲݴԴȻѣȴܾˡĸоʱЩ¡ֻװɱԻӣڶĩβƳɵСţסˮߵСһ룬ͷǰ˶ڸС
ЬӱˮʪʱܻЩˣǸֵŮ˻ɣһӣȴִ̲ߵˣ˻ȥ·ѻ٣ֻӲͷƤȥǴʱȺŮǶվڶ¿͸ѡƷһ
ŮһǴͺˣ»ˣඡ
ҵ˲ŴγѰ㣬֪ںδʵʲôˣ
¥Ů⻰Цøģ˵ţʲôˣȻŮඡ
֪νɽ滹δʣѾŮһ֣ǰɽղסˤ˵ϡ
Ůɵĵָ׼ϸֱŽҵ˵ţʦôˣ˵⻨𣿡
Ҵ˿̻ʲôɫģ˵ڶ˵ţŮôԴң֪ʲô𣿡
¥Ů⻰ЦûҴܣЦţʲô˰˵ū
һװģشҿǰ񾩵ˡ
⻰һ˵ǵö¥ŮӺȻЦ˵ţһ񾩵ʦ̫ˡ
ҿ¥ȺŮӣǲţٴǿһ䣺ǸϿңҸǣҪٲңȰ񾩵ʦһȫ
һ¥ŮǶֹͣ˵ЦŽңŵý󻰶˵
סҵŮȴЦ˵ʦҪˡ
ĵƻȫϨֻɫŮðɫںڰҹ﷢Ź⡣


5 5.18ޣ
0.5
ɫĴͣڽϣ֪ڱסڣĵƻɺһ𣬶ż
ǵĶӲ֫໥ţȿֺʳŵŮ߹ǣǾʬź̾˿һ΢ķ˶˷Ѷӡ
ڵϿʳŮǣ¶ʵ㲻ϲϲǻأ𣿡
ŵҡͷָ˵˵ͷЦ֪ԡ⼸ץԽԽ٣ٳԶˡ
Ĩ˰ѪŪǣĵ˵ţӴҵĺʦ㹻ˣʲô
⻰˵ϲʱץӵԽԽ٣ɲ񡣲˽ɲָ꣬Ǿû⡣
һ뵽ڵ˽ҲͲںЩСϺף˵˾䣺аɣǾٳһ˰ɣ
ֻȸԾ־Ⱥվľ£ǰ
ҹҲǵһμĹ֣ŷֲƬĳ͵VRӰˣֻЩȣڿұڳĵ˵ϡ
һͬǴĽӵǣҲŵһȺħץˣ˻ϵһƶС
ƶŽӵɱɱ˰Ľұڴͷýֵһϧ֮⡣
ƶڲ󣬵ȴһ֪ͨ˶ãתĵطת䴦ζǣֻűӼǰҲ֪Լ˶ãõʵûˣֱӴͨȥ
ȥĵطһˮˮоһһˡͨߵȻһһף֮ǰ泡Ϊڰ޳ˡ
ˮʵҵģ
һһҲֽˮŵղˣͻȻֻЩԻֻʻףǸˡ
ְϵˮˣſһһվˮУµӱס˫֣ӱ̴ùǡ
Ӽ֣ʵǺˣ
ӷ˸ۣ˵˵ʲôˣ϶ҲǱŮץӵܣ˳ҿϵҲʲô壬ûһ֮
ĺȴôΪǼħߵͨ
ڽǰ˵⻹򵥣϶ǸŮƭһȺɫ֮ͽɱ˵ʱ򣬳Ҷ㵽£ҲûߣȻ߶ͷˡ
ӵĻǵؿŽ֣ǹӻǳ뿪ɣħԼǻߣڳЩҪˡ
νڰ˵ǰ˵˳ͣ˵Ϣ
⻰ŵؿŽֵû˵ʲôħҪˣǿʦҲҪ˺Ʒ֡
ֵԵˣˮλ͵ĸˮ߼䲻㡣ߵǰŷִüĿ㣬ϸ¹۲컹ܿ仢˳ãԸֵֽӽͷ˵ţԶ㣬һɹζ
־¶࣬ϵŷһɫϸ˳ľʵĲձϣһһͷ롣ȡػ̽ࡣȡ룬̱ϣװ˻̲
ӿ۲죬ҲͲϵĹζζ̱ǣŨҵζŻ¡ԴץҲûнʳˮζѾľ˭֪бˮζŵζ
ʵܲ˺ʵܲԶ㣬úŰ
ֿɫްŻµֻûߣôôûų
Ҳŵϵζ£붨ǲޱ¥λ䲻壬Ҳҹӡ
οӲ⣬Բޱ¥ԲŻš֮˶ǺܺŵζǽϵζŻỤסӣδջ󡣡
⻰ýһһЩţһ򰮸ɾÿձضԡϻζԶԡ
ֹ۲ϵ룬˵λԹͬʱȡ¡
ӵûãһʼˣһȡ£ˮĻؾͻʱǻǻˣŮܡ
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úܼ򵥣һ֮޷뿪һ˵İæ˵ЩӵҲܾȻһЩ
ӽϣشаǰ򿪾ˡ
Ȼװӵ˼𣡡
ǰӿһ˵ôҪ𣿺οûǰǳ顣
˵һֵҲ׵ҾÿУ˵öԣһ˿϶Ӳȥ涼Ůҷ΢˫ѵȭ϶С
ѯʰοһأҲʰ˵Цģ͵̾߻ӣκһͻǣһΨгӵԽ⿪׻ء
Ϸʱ̾ߵ֣ûۼᡣ֪̾ߵĽⷨʣҪȥ룿
İɫıƣǴ˵زԣƵǷ¶Цһͨ
ֿһǰģ˼뿪ַΧֻͷʣʲôطѾ֪ˣ
ȻûֵͷеźֵĻǾ൱ϻۣѾ뵽֪ںδ
̻أȷʵҴĶ㣬ʦС
ʦǴգŻ¥һڵգΪҴŻ¥ĴΪŻ¥ҪħΪ飿
һʱ벻ףȥǣ뵽һ⡣ǳȺŮ֣ڳȥôСҲᱻץ
ôֻһ·УǾͨӦ󴬣ҪܿĿֻͨͨ
ɫأԺ˼ǧ˼ˣҲȥţֻǴѲߵʱ佥µǵλСӣ㻹ɡ
ָֻԭҲԣһ
˵ĻѾöԲߣֻܴ߶Ȼһ·ϣֻڲ֪ںδǲСС϶͹ˡվмһ䣺һã
أԼһյʱ䣬߲ͨԣ׺
ʣ֪ߺʱ
̧ҡ˵һ䣺ˡ
һƶдֶˮУֻܿһž޴ͷ­ˮУȻ󼤵ˮɽǽڡ


6 5.18ޣ
0.6
дɽУһȺẒֳ́ѰԼӵܡҹʧ٣峿λӵδأʱŴңԹŽ֣Ҳǧ¡
½һϮҹɫۣ½Լ£ôͶһ䡣ҹҲȿӵܵ·˵˾䣺ὭҲڰɣ
ҹӾὣǰȥ˵껰ӾͷԸУ׼ԼǰȥѰҽˡȻ½ڻܽһ£ͼĽΪҹϱֻҪǼҵӡ͸ܵǼҵշʱʱ໰
Ѱˣֿ˵ȷϽʲôط
һǲԸ½ĵλȨأòָʹһתָ̣תûþͣת
½һָ벻ת޷Ѱ١ѵ⽭׶༪٣
½ü˼δ֣ѵ
⻰æ͵ǰ½ʦΪҲ˵ǣʦǵг̣ǽ⣬ǵճļҲѰ
Ȼ̶޷Ѱѵĳˣ
½ɫأתͷ½½⣬ָȻ֮ǧ֮ڵľͨһһ֪Ժ˷֪ͨϮ̽찵ɱ
֮һ߿ãҴһʹò̱Ҳǰ׵꣬ȴʹȻɲ⡣
һؿ½ҲһЩʣý˴ˣܳΪϱ
½ǧһ˫۵δݷͽУһҹҲǧǱڽ֮ˡ
½򽭼ҵͷ˽ʵһ䣺Ͽң
ͷޱ֮һһ½˵ţ֪ʲôطˣҵһڴ˵Ⱥ򣡡
̹˾䣺ǣ
ģӵվԭؿ½ͶƮȻСһߵĽȴ**
ˮһᣬûˡͷʱպǿž޴ͷԣҲû뵽ﻹһˣʱסֻǵǸӽƽʱѲߵͨʱſŭӶŶڿХ
µһι㻹ڹҴսһʲô뿪ѽҪƴ𣿡
ߵޣֻǼ򵥵ĵƾѾŭգʵ֮⣬ɢζǳֵظܵǰŵ£ֻߵС󣬾ͺˡ
ӵ߲δ׷϶ס˴ߣϧʱ䣬ṩ·ȥ
߶ζԽԽأʱܿµƤ˴Լһӣҵ˳·
·뵱ʱĶһڣһڡСǰʱشܡ
½ŲᣬǻǱˣһ䣺˭
ǴӴ᡼䴫ɴϡܱϳǸΣҴϣҲˣҲƤĹҲ˵
Щţ֮˿мһ䣺"ȿȿȣҪ𣿡
ʶ
´թһػֻȡ룬ȴģҾҪЩŮˡ
⻰ĵȻࡣ
Ǹˡ
Ǹֻػֻ˵ҪģҿԸ㣬Ҫһæ
˴Ҳٶزأ߽ɴڣʣʲôæ
Ű£ɫýˮеǰɫ԰ףüۼƣԵôޱȲϡ
˾ڴϣһ֮
ʣ˭
˲ؿЦҾʦ
ʦ
Ҵô³
ʦһ죬̵ȷʵŻ¥ʦ֮ˣҴҲʦֻ֮ǵĳѨʵ֮١ʱ䲻ʣԸһһ
ʦֺɫĺӣ룬һһ£ǹ뿪ħѨԸȥһˣҸףʦԸף֮٣֮ף޽⡣ʦãֻٱ֮
θ֮ԣʹ֮ҲܵһּʦԴ룺ѵȼټʣʦʦȻҲ֪ݷʲô˻׷ͺڷˣȻʹġ
׻˵ͷȻֱ֮Χп֮Ҽǵ˵ϵۣԣ˹һţһ˿һȴģ
ʦһֻŴš
ּʦĻ򶯣̽˺ϸɳ
ֱʦ˵ҴȥǸȥأ
ʦŽ֣ƺҲĻʱҲ緢ӲôĸĽĥƽҪתԡ
꣬΢
ò㣬խϸŲ뿪岻ãʦȴļޱȵĿ뿪齣졣
ȴһе
ֶ֪
ʦ֣봥ļ
ʰɤֳߣ˵Ǵԣһˣһӵȥˣԭ
ʦǹȵһƿ֣չסͻȻðŮӡ
ŮβȾ޺죬ҹﻹҪ飬֮زʦ毺õʦļϣ˫ֱʦ
ʦʦ!
ߣʦסԼҲס֪˴ھ裡㵽Ҫʲô
ŮӵͷʦĶ䣬˵ţȻɱˣҷѾ˼Ҳûеõ룬˵仰͸ѵɱ𣿡
ʦǵһǰ裬ֻζʵڲܣѿ֮ɫ˼֡
ŮӼɫתãõţþûлҵˣ㲻𣿡
ʦԸ˶Ůȫܶ
Ůӿʦ֮⣬ϸָһڽ֮ϡ
һ룬˵Ľ֡ʦһֹס֣Ϣ
Ϣջ룬óԸ
ʦһϢһý룬ƻʵвףֻϢ
Ϣ㵽ץ˶ӵܡ
ϢһĶʦϣԴʦҴ˻ԺʦûԻҹĴ֮ϣʦĴϢ֮⣬κλӦ
ϲʦӵһμϲԸһߡ
ʦϢĻϢٶֻ֣ʣôģ
ϢԼױ֬͵ΪȽϲŮװҡ
һ䣬ϢʹǧĵŮӱһλӣ仹һϮۣȴܽʦ뻳С


7 
0.7
ȰףѰ
罭ϣˮ΢ͣڰߵĴΪ˶ǿҵչ⣬һɵлװŮǣůһϷˮе
ż³ϸͷЩŮҲƵϷ˴Լ˼͵ŮɣüֻŮشڣȻˡ
ȺĴڣһֱͱӡںڰУ¶աȺŮӶǱŷĿˡ
δ䣬ѳʬ塣޴ֻܸڸõʬϣҺϣһƤ
ʴ߶Ůӵɺأ˵ϵױݲϲҪѾͷȥˣ
ǶŮջͷץһ㡣Ż˵ţոտںӱߣȥȥˣ
㣬żװϵ˺ţץһ㣬ǰ
ȺɵĥǵĿɱҲͲôˡﻹŻʣźɺɻʱڸϡ
Ťϸͷȥˮ￴ڵĴߡ
ˮ֮Уǽϣʺµôȥ䣬۵Ķ˵ˣ
̿ҿĵͶ̴š
һʣû˵ôᵽֵط㲻Ӧڰ񾩴ҵĴү
ͬ壬һϵӣһǼӵܣ˱ûκǣΪİñȳΪ򳤽ޣ˵ĶԹǣϡ
岻˶දֻסЦյݷ˵Ѷд̽ͺ˽ңôҲ³
̲ɣҧгݣ⣬Ȼץ÷㻹һ󶴡˵׻ұȽҪǡҪɵظɭɭŮӵǴΪ˾Ҳץ
Լ޴תȥѱȾˮţɵСӿʦûС
ﵽʱԼҴýԼ˸ᣬίſǽϡѵˮߣοһ󣬻߿ࡣ
ֵһۣǾƤ಻ͳҴߵί罫븹
һߺŴߣһŴߵĻúúãǶԵҪֲԣȻȲඡȵȣ˵ʲôǻһˣʲôûץˣ
ޣʵȥˣ
߾Լ£µСͨȻָԼ˸ᡣһǸҲˣӲС
ջָ꾫˵ͲСô㲻
ӹס֣סѾˣðҲһſŰҧгݵ˵
żⴥˮ棬һһȥ
֪ˣƽʱǻֻԸһŷǣλŵغţϣҺŶѽѰҵҧָ
һҲ£¶ȻЦݣֻϵעЦδʧѾϡ
ð亹šӳ鵽ǰʱҲʶֻۡʹδӼѪζȴŨҡ
µҲҪıӣûðɣ㡭СӣƲԳԷƣҲǡ
𿴼ƣҲñף˭Ҫˣǲв
ЦϵƼأػûˡ
￴ˣԽԽúýѵһֻˮ⴫װŮǵĺһŮˮУţﲻˣˣװϳˣ
ʱͷһδƽһʣôˣ
ŮµرͷǱˮУֻ¶һͷŵ˵ţɺɱˣƭϴ˸ˡ
һǸҪױݵĹţˣʲô˼ǿôᱻԵأ
Ů沿˵ţһŴͣһھûˡ
￴ʲʲô˵ţͷʰǣҿ˭ô󣬸Ҷˡ
űӸҪţͼһ괩ҹɫۣվˮεſڡ
࣬üĿµͬһɽˮĶ׹µյ׺òɡ
վڽУòˮУ￴ɣһ䣺㡭ʲôˣ
ëĽëһ˫ٵʢǹ㣬˵ţںδ
ﱻϼϵޣһʱ˼˾䣺⣿ʲôˣ
ɵѥӲˮ֮ϣǰòŮɽһ䣺⣬ҵˡ
ǽִʱڴ˴һķԣҲǣûУˣ
ҵˡ֣ڻ֪ҹɫ۴ʲôҲ֪ǰɲǣָͳһʹŴ߸Ͻȥ֪ͨϣֻ𿴵˵ţСģҪʹ߻ͨˣͨ
δ䣬ողˮеĴѾˮ׳߶У½ˮƹ赲һ֣βˮУһˮ
ˮǱˮУˮΡ
½ת򱻹ضˣ߶һ䣺ò
أشʾ⡣
½źͨţĲ
ͷ̻أˣƣʲôҲһʵǸһɫף͸£㣬ȥһӻˮ꣬ȷʵǴȥˡн⣬˵н֡
½꣬΢ǰŴؿڵצӣ
˵ƣ˵ԣǸӡ
½ת˵Խⱻƭȥȡˣ𣿡
ɫһ٣ȷʵƭ֮ӣǡǰ棬صǣǽƣҪȥȡ롣
½ţųһٵӣȳ
ӱһ㹥ᱻҴƻ
ǰƺϴ֮ͽֵܽȣĵȻ֮˲Сǰɲ⡣
ѵȥס룺СӿǧˣȻԼ鷳ˡ
ǶϵĽУڽ֮⣬ĳζԽԽŨͷĿѣ
ϢʦЦ㿴ҿû֡⺢ӷ΢ҪҶ֣ͻᱻħ㽫ƳסңŪɳ׾
ʦ½ֱħ㺦ſ硣
Ϣ㡭
ϢסʦĴסʦҪֹסֵĻͷʦҧƣ³һѪҲ⡣
뼫࣬һģʺ׻ʵʲô֣˭ҵĺӣشң
ֻһָ̻أҽн֣AliceǸʦҰǽǸڡ
ϢûֵĻ˾䣺Ϊʲôᵽ
ֵͷ£ص֪ұڼ˯Ȼһˡ
ϢͻȻúȤʵΪֳ
̧ͷĳС˵ţҰӻŶ
Ϣĸôù˻顣
𻰵Ľ־ͷǧأʵ֧Ųסұߵȥıŵҹе㣬մˮĽۡ
ϤңҾδ򡣡


8 5.18ޣ
0.8
Ż¥ɴľݣһҴ󴬣㣬߲㱻ʩ˽ϣԼֻܹͨ룬ƽϢŴ߼ҴԷŵ˷֡
ɴԭȥȣȴϢ˻һѻƤרŹֵȵӵܡ
ǰһ꣬ݺٱߵʦʦĹϵûôǢˣŤͷɫ԰׵ʦ˾䣺㿴ȥϲá
ʦȷʵϲ֣ǰҹɫۣǰ񾩵ʦ־ھת
̺ţʦȾݰɡ
½ŴϵʦֿϢʦʦ
ǣʦʦ̻صв㣬ֻʧǰʦ£´˰̬ңױŻأʦǰȥȣȾҸףȾݡ
Żأ
½룺ݹȻңΪΰ񾩳ٳûյϢ
ºϼƣ̵ʦضŻѣչأԵ岻ݴǡ
ϢʦģҲšˣ**һ䣺ҴѡΪ㾹Ȼ֮˵ĵ£ĪƭҰɡ
ֱסʦʦ˵ţҲܳΪˡ
ʦʱã޷Ϣӵֻܰн˵ţΡ
ϢţЦŭı飬һص˵һ飿
ʦԴӲϢĿһֱίߣ͵ѵЩѹĵ׵ίܱ߳񶾵Ļ˵ţҾΪ¡
Ϣ󣬲ŭЦҪǸһôӲôᱻҰڴ϶áǾСˣҵ𣿡
ʦô룬֪Ϣ֪񾩵ĴҲ֪ʦͣϢһڤĹްˡ
ЦԶԣǻϢϢлûһֻʣͨ͸ʼֶݶֱ½ŵĽ֡
½ͱŽ֣ûƿ
Ϣľթֻձڿеīֻǳ½
צ沿ªֻһͬǰʦţСж
½ɱŽ֣צʦĽ絲סϢЦʼ˦īûʮʸ硣
ƣ˺ķ½κο֮
½ȴģֻŻеĽ֡
СģڵˣаͼˮߵؼװϿЩŮɣȴڶ¥Ĵ￴˼װϱͼлĶʳµŮɲ֫
ӻض¥֪ͨϢߣմͨͿĻ
ֻ֪־壬Ѹ͵½ϢΪޣ鲻㣬ڵĴδš
ʹʮ׺ݵĹЩδʧֹʱֻ½ȻǱĨȥɫȥͼ㣬ʧǰ
ȴϽ̵Ϣǰ˵ϣҪ̳롣ǲǰ񾩵ʦڵˡ
ϢȴǲԸɽ磬δй֡ԸٴȰϣڤ;ӵЩǱڵļᣬ޷ڤ;
⻰Ϣݣϧ½ްѾ˰ͼóһ֧ϸʡ
ͼŵûʧɫϢ˵ţϡô죬ͼǰͼˡ
ϢҲоڱǸͼʳһصﺦµŴңҲУ˵ӣ˼ҾȺϱҪǶˡҲ̫СϢ˰ɣ
½ַͼʼ㣬һ䣺
ֻԭϮ½ֳڿУֱϢȥ
ϢѾͼʳĹһεͨ
̸ϣȴͨͻȻðĴҧס˲ӣֻ߶סͨǰ˺˴ߡ
־ڴߵ˻ﻹŵɵ㣬˳ζһϮҹɫۡ
Բۣôѵȵң
½һУȻּ½תͷͻشţּˡõû
վּ֫ڷ·սһģ֪Ѿ
е룬˵û£˵أ
½ֹѾˡ
ֻǵһ½˵ЩΣȫܡ
½Žֵɫ԰ף룬ȻҶ׹ݸ֡
һһ˵Ǹ𣿡
½Ǵ⣬ҡҡͷ˵ǣ׹ҲڣҲܻһ
ֻǲܣ׹Щ˸գҲ½ò£׹ԵñŤ
½һڴģôίؾܾ
½Ҳֲ˵ֱӶֵ֣
ֶ䱻ʹĴһӴûжôҴֱӶˣ
½еȵͷ˵ҵôҴģ
ֿ½ͷȵģס룺ľ⺢Ҳ̫˰ɣֱô۰
һ棬òͷһ½ʵڴȣͻȻȼ֮⡣½ļ˵ţҲףԺŸ죬ɣ
½ý⻰֣ͱСһ˵ַɲŶԣǸ˵˵Ĵ󻰣һ㲻Ҫ𴩣ģӦͰݣǵġ
½߻ĥԼҪҪѽ֣ԼУҪִɡ
ҪҪѽ֣˵ֵģֻԭط
ҲѾߵʦߣ˵ţû°ɡ˵㵽׷ʲô飿
ʦЦƿϵı¶һ˫ֻʣͷ˫ȡ
ľŵýֺ˰벽
½Ҳ˾²ǱĶȾݴ٣ѵǶ磿
ʦףǣúܣݶ٣Ψֶɢݣ㽫ݷǰȥȣ°񾩲Ը֣ݡ
½ҡͷ˵Żѣ񾩲᲻ܡǧõĸûнӵݵϢ֮ǰյһ֮ţɳʦҲûл뺷йأҵǰ鿴
ʦεɳʦԼץˡ
⻰ˮеֵܣˣ
ʦͷ˵Ҳ죬ϢļıϢԭҵŮһΣգܴ뿪ǣû뵽Ȼ࣬ҹʹɱ֡
ʦ޵ݣ̾һ·ꡣǲ𵱳ϢŮģʼռǵԼ֮ⷽ䣬ģ
Ҳ
֮ڳ䶨ʦ۵õϡ
ּ״˵Ϣɡ
½Ҳǳȥɣ滹кܶûд
½ţʵǲȥץô
½ţӭŽգŴ۾ţΪﰡ
Ȼ©һģ½תźһ߶ͷƯСɱȻС


9 5.18ޣ
0.9
ǽҵƣǵϵӲſдݵҲǻӽӵܵϡ
ͺʮӵ¶󷨣ȴ½ʦĹ
󷨽˼ʱͻһӽ󣬴ԼʱһɫɽһȻ½ʦ
½һ˵ĺʱͽ˶⣬̷Ըӵܳǰӭ½ģ½ʦ֪
½Բ°ʾ⽭ʣˡ
鿴ԭǽүĵӽңһ䣺ǽ⣿
½֣ǲǽ͵û£ġǸϽ·ɣ뽻ˡ
һ**û£˰ʦǣһϲõʦ飬ٺòлʦֻǿܵζȥ
½ļ̬ȳϿңȥԸúΪҵѪǴϵƣͱȺɸɾ
ǵԼʱѾһϢƴһֻΣ͵ƷʧԲѵĽҡ
཭ӵ˴඼һľͱǷʳ½ҲǼ˼̬Щé®Ľӵǣȴ֪ŵ
ǳס˵ЦˣЩӵܶڳƽ䣬δ
½Ҳ곤Ǽ֣ĵѹֽû䣬ӵܾûϢСǻСˡЩˣľҲԸٴǣȻǾ·ĪҰˣ˷Ǵ½һȷѪꡣΪ֮ɣ
ϣ½ıУȥ½ϡ
½뽭Ż¥Ļ׼ȥݡ
ʱǵ
˵ǵ𣬵˵׼·ݺϢĴݣʱ񾩵ʦڣЩʦҲڸ·ϡ
ʱܣʱ
ֻ۵ٶȼ죬ֲУűڵĽˮôѲźá
ֿźˮţѽˣҪˣ
һСӺ˵ʲôأ˭Ҫˣ˭˵˵СҴȡ
⼸ദ֪˵춹ģ̲Цߣ˭˭ֲ֪顣
Сţðɣǰּѵ⼸սָ½ѧ˼У¹ˡ
԰Сӣ
һ佱ӶҪ죬ţǱ밡Ҳ㽭Сүʲôˣ
Խһת̵ʲôˣ½£Źϱ
仰ǽֵѨ֪ʱЦû¾ͺһ䣺½Сϱ½ϱ
ľҪǰսʮϧܹ顣һҵľѧ˪۸ֱ֣ӽۡ
½ֱۣվڽֵұߣʵҪҪѧУȻ𣬵Ҳ̫óѡ
־仰У۷ģһҪΪһؿ
ԼԵĹЧѧʱ𾢡½ҲǵһνˣԸġ
ⲻСɣ־˷ܵ鷳ǣǱʧ˷硣
һὭ֣ͷִһȭӴ㻹֣ˣˣҲˣҲˣ֣Ҫˡ
һЩᣬʣҪȥĶ
ָ졣
ΪҪЦ˵ϰȥ
ҡͷضŽֵϰ񾩣ʮ¥ǡ˸Ҷᷢܳ
׵ġҹ黳Τ̫ס񾩵ʱҲ뵽ʫ
ʣȥĶʲôҲ뵱ʦ
Цģ뵱ʦͷأΪһ
Ϊʲô˵ı飬ʣֻ˵ֲôߣѵӾ
ûֵĻ˵Ӿǣ
룬˸ʣˮ
ҡͷ˵һᣬֻǲ´ѡ
ֳЦų⿴۴µĳҲô˿ˮ϶ͷѪ̵㻹ķӰɣ
뽭վڴô뿪½ҲðʦҩģʱЩ죬ƽʱǳܵˣڹϵǢ
Ҳ½˵½ʦ
½Ҳתشкͨദ½ǹִ꣬ӱһûС
˵һЩ´ʡ־䣬½ҲֻգĴ۾⣬ͺҲЦЦʱСͷһ˵һ䣺ԭˣ
û죬˹ϵܲ١ַֻ½ϲһСʱȵСͷ
ڽֵ͵Ƿ绪ĺ꣬½̫ˣһҲá
û»½ͯ꣬½գ˫аĴ۾˵ſζʱһۡ½ļԺȥ֤úɽ˼ζ
Ȼʱ½ֹ֣ǽˡ
ʣôˣ
ϲȡС׽˶ȡС½ΪΪǰĬóˣ߿Ӧ
½أӭɳǡոսӵϢϾ͵
һ̻𼱻ǵҪ´ֹţˣˣҪˡ
ôڴ˴ˮУûʲô𡣶Ҵʱ뿪һҲˮ¶,һţϽӡ
Ͼʦ϶бú˵ģ϶治ֹһ룺ܱץ
Ų·˾׼Һýסڣȥ׹ȥ
ʲôѽֲ
пԣֻ˵ˣҪЩ
ԼΧһ㻤֣һԾҲԼǷǣҪϽ뿪
Ҫ񾩣ΪʱȲܱʦ˵ץҲ
һԵĽֱ͹䣬Ծ£ҲϻֵĵطǣţôҲ˰Ҳ
½״ץסֵһʱ죬Ҳȥ
񾩵ɳǴʱÿ½´׹ˮС
ɳˣ־ͱµɳ½ʦھδޡ
δڸոصʦ
ɳ֪£ûϵСɾҲڴ˴ǰӵ½֪֪ͨݴ٣
ʣɾҲڣΪһͬ׹ӣ
ԲһΣѵ½˻飿ɾԸŻˣ
ɱκһ滹ʡ
ɳλλͷȸƵȸʹλ£ΨһһӵȸǹŮγеĳ٣Ҳǽӵ½Ѷ˻ϡ
Ůӳ۲תǣβŷƣɫĽëһˢӣˢӢˬٺʲ
½δޣɫ䡣һּҵĵӣ;ô¶뺷йأӣҲˣʹõǺ˳õЯ,ϹŻ֣´˶ᱻһߡ⻤ּӲޱȣͨ޷ơ
ɳһЩźԭˣεô
εչһЦһ·ϣСүͣûЩһ


10 
1.0
ݳ
߲ĳǽ˺ɫЩֱ۰ϸĺζһƶ壬ʱŶ
ɫżɫĹâսܷԭЩɫĹâһſѪɫ鷢⡣
Щݳڵ飬赲ЩѾȾ˶ڣ뿪ĳǳء
ǳصĶ磬ɻڣһˮ屻һֱ۱ţȥ
һʱǰЯҴ˽½ˮ﷭˼ܣȽֺòȶסʱֻϸϵİƲ˻Ӧײһͷ޴ĺ
Ǻɣβ泤͵ؼҲһ㵣ȷӦѾγʮףһˣ̰βͣǰץʳһ͡
ˮдУûἸپ͸ϵ˽ֵߣƣצ׼֡һͱһơ
̲һţںϣ½ˮӼԷˣˣˮ
½״ſ绤ס֡
ǡʲôⰡĭĽܹ˵
½ҲδҡҡͷˮжοԷޣΪϡ
֣סˮͻȻˮӿľŻͱֵˮͻȻҹĴê
һȺֻ֣޴ĺɫȻһֻê
ոյĴêӦþȺˮΪ½Ż¥ϢݺӵޣϲʳˣݻٹĴֻʳˡӶᴬê
Բεĭָ࣬Ⱥӵ̫Ҫˣܻҽаֵ
½⻰΢Žֵ󣬵һ䣺ܣ
ֻûӦͱ½קˮдСŴêĴ죬Žֺһ
漴ߵСһӵϣȿֺس֡ˮˮУмֻڽ֮ǰˮһ
ϧδס½ͱ½һתŪɵۣ½뿪˴ȥͼһêĭ磬һ̿ϷͲƵĽͷϣĭһ壬˴ê
½һתᵶͼֵˮӣӭסɫˮӵĴê
ֻСˮӲ½ĵһЩƤ󣬸ŭϡ
ɫˮӾϵž޴Ĵêˮн½޷ַָԸˮȥϮεĽ֡
½еߵĽѾˮٲδԼҪڤˡԸս˦תŽ־һúõˮд
Ҳ֪Ͼ٣ʱݵ󡣵ŽϰʱͻԲѡ
½״ʹĸСʱľ֮⿪ֵĿڣϱĴ
Сʱĸ׵Ļ췽ҹ̷ˮеˮͺˡ
ĸһҪ̵˹֮һɣȻĻ
ʱͿ½Ĳ͸ˮδ䣬½ͬܽذס
½
½񣬷ֵûˣѾվˡ
ֵʪ˶̫屾ˮ﷭ôãêƽĲˮУˮ
죬˵һ䣺ôôù
½£ϴˣֵ廹ֻýϵҹɫϣֽ𣬺ȥѰ·
ĺ԰ҲûһˣЩֵûŪôĶû˳
½Ҳ֣һƫͷͿֵıķ׵ĴոյĴЩɬͰգôĸ׵Ļûãˮġ
ּ½¶صı飬Ϊܲã̱½½ߣţ˵ǲǱ˰
Сȫ½Ķȵ½һģδκܹƫɫӺ죬ᣬԱϺõδոշˢȷʵûˡ
ź˳Сͨ¥˴լԺңǷɵ󷨣Щ׺ݣദԺϿ꾡˵½üͷ
ſ½ı󣬲ʱԺլоȽҸĶˣô󷨣пľϵġ
ָһլôǷģѵʲôа
½Ĳãֻܼͦı£³һ䣬Ķɣ
Ķ
һץ½·ļٵģǻǿ߰ɣ
½Ҳô˵ز˾ڵ½ǰųһֻѶҲûõӦ뻹ݳڣ޷ɳ
ݳԭǸ֮ǣжθϸݣγһְڰʱŰԣϲˣǰ񾩰׻ŵɾǧ
ִݳǺݱøӸģ·ͨ˴ҲˣǧԴ΢ʵˣҲ伣
½Ž֣ԭȴ޷سӦҲжϡ
ֱ½֮ǰƣſڱϱ۾ﲻ֪Ϊ޵Ķߡ
ۣϸϸǿţɽľľ֦þ֪
׸裬Ǿ벻˳ο˸
оԼѾص˼УĴ죬߲ϲĸ
ֻǶʹеܣĴ䣬ȥͷʹȴԼ޷̧֡
ĸоԽܡʹĴҲֲʹһ˫ۡǰɵһƬһվ̨ͤ¥䡣
ߵϷ˳Ӵȣž޴ĺ棬һ˾Żѣţඣඣ
Ⱥ˴ǰ߹ÿ˶ޱ飬еȺһʻѳɵĻΣʮϰ׳һ÷ĳ̧š
Щ׳ϴźɫߣֻ۾ĿףĿһˣźɴͷǣϴŰɫɴȹֱ۶ɫķĸǡ
־վԭأǰ쳣ͼ޾ȫëȻ뿪ǿȸǣһĪֵĻѣţӣϻඣ
͵˾޴ĺ棬Ⱥͼ޵·ԶųţĿ;޺÷ϵϵڻεܣһԼϣ޺еǰںУקŻǰŻΣȶ
Ȼģ޺жӣȻλغ档
ͣںϵĻΪˮʼ³վڰϵ·У߳һŻ׳ɫͷļ롣֪ˮʲôҺ壬ˮ˺ɫ޴гں棬ξС
ϵ˿ʧʱ¶Цգ˵ţ̫ˣ̫ˡ
վԭأšⲻɱ
վߣİˡ
ͻȻ˾䣺Ϊʲô
仰ͣһǰҵ£Цݣ˶תͷ֡
ȺУǸ췢ֿĽǶȣЦ˵Ϊһﰡ


11 
1.1
ɫƯһŻɫķֽһɫĴӡݳǵĴ
ݳǰ֮⣬һɴƶ˻䣬ͣһݵء˴ݲԶʺʦţ׼һ̽ݡֻǣΪ׵ɳѵľУվԭزͣýŵ棬һԼӦ֪̽ݣһ棬ڿҪҪȥʧȥϵ½ʱɳʮѶȻֻصϣ˼룬Լ鷳ˡ
ڽʱ;½һֵɽҩǸ߹ĳ͹ɳɽֹˡ½ĸ񱱺Էˣǵ񾩸ʥ֮һοͳ˰񾩵Ľ֮һֱ֮ӡ
ǧ綼ʥ֮һʥֻǣװͨʦһᱻһᱻЮֶȥɳһ亹
½ڽҷǼºɳ룺˻ؾ֪ǲһλؾ᲻ֱӱϳǧ½˶ŪˣǲǸֱҸȥԹҶ֦
εоɳüصɳǵ½ҵĹӣ
ɳףȻҶ֪½ҹӳ˭֪ʥĵЦǰǺӻǳγȻ˿ֺǹ׶㰵ѷ֪նȻն֮ǰн֮£ǺˣԷ
Էʮ¥ǵλλڰ񾩣ֵ֪½ҹӾԱԷͬеʦΪ֮һ
εоţƽصȻˣ·´һǰȥһ̽ɳȥ˴Ѱ½ʦ˫£ͷ
ɳôף̴ļٵ½뿪εоҲͼ׼͡
ͬʱجеĽѹ½ĻУץ½ͷƮµĶдһʱǰа˿ǰ
˿ڽֱֵǰĪģʱľޣĿ͵ţǲˣǸΡ
ȱ𶯣ǻȶ
Ҳ˯һҡҸոջһΡμڼ̫ѨƴػĳԺȴǿȱһЩ䡣
½׳ţĲΣǻ㺣ЩǰĲլӡЩ䣬ѹסЩֻ꣬ˮǰֺ˺ˮŻᱻǳ롣
վЩȣ½ĽͲ׸ոԼ˵аŵѹŹ˼ǡҸոա
½ָһ˿ĻŽֵĶ׹УסֵĻǣֻЩήҲ񣬵ţող߻ˡ
⻰һֲžú£ԼĪĵһθܵвȻѾģëȻظо
½Ҳǵһαˣû뵽ֵҲЩǹ˻꣬ЩգǸû㡣
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Ϊ׹ĵĻڲڸеѣ½Ļ̧ͷһͿȾһ˿⡣
æҡͷ˵ʲôأǲֵܡ
½ҡҡͷգ޹۾أǰ

ֳĬһᣬԼˡƽ֣½˵ҵӡ

־ãĲȥˡ
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½ϣںڵգʣǰ컹ҹ
½Լʱ̡
ӣԼЩˡ˾½ǲǶóԷģ
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ʱ䲻ãҲ̫˽⣬ʵǰӡ磬ԣǻɲҪʳ鵤𣿡
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־Ȥִ˶׹ʣ浽ʲôѽÿ
½ƽܣ׹һëĻ㣬ǲòϲʱڣǶۼˣδйܡ
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ɵζԽŨûǣ޾ĺڰС
ֻʱǸȴ۾ѵ˵ţԲסҲôްɡ
Ȼû
ܣ½Լжأ
ڲ޽Уֲ̿ؿ굽˭
ĳ˼ҵŮ˵ĺ˵ĺǳ
½ڹ۲Ǹ꣬һǰסţǰϢ
ȶѵǶ᣿
½꣬ͼײ½ĵĽ
ײȴûײĻǡ
Ȥˡ
½룬Ҫˡ
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˵Ǽ뾭ѵѱˣϲԨĶľš
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ĽŲϣԼıҵ𵶣ǰһϸնϡ
ּǰһ͸ϱϵĳնһۼǲһ׹ڵϣˤƬ
ʲôָƬʵ
½ջس͵Ľ磬Щѹýסǡ
סǡѵסЩ𣿡ֲ롣
½˽ֵй£ҲΣǽ˵ļ֮£һЩж
ƫԶɽŷޡΪɽޡǩԼΪƸ
֮Щޡһһϡ
ΨļƷ¹һղɶϡ
Щ飬ݾȻ֮
½һ߱Ž֣һ߽Щ¸֪㿴ЩǼƷ
ЩĲ²⣬Щ£˵ȢϱƵģֱ˵û˹ܹ𣿡
½üŽƵұΪ֮¿ǹڿ˻ĿԸˡ


12 
1.2
ѹǣŭš
ʮѷɽҪӽǳأͱʸڳǽϵһһ䣬񾩸ʦ޷룬ֱֵ֦ʵʵһ϶Ҳ޴Ĵǰסǳһ㡣
ˣСǱǹֶˡʦһλȸŮӡͲ󣬶һĨɰεо㱨в̽һ
Ȳ˵ΣգǴȥ̽һεо˵̤ݳǰ߰ߴϲĺɫЩǱıͨͨ龻֦Ѫˮһſ龫ȵع۲ܡ
εоٻǹȸӣݳǱΧˡ
ˣô֣˴׶༪١ɫȸɰ¹ε
һųǹȸεر鲼е飬ܡĳǹֵָǸ˾䣺Ҳ̫˰ɣܰЩȫ˷𣿡
εоµĻҲô˵ֻǿͻƣƯüź⣬˵ţǾͶְɣ
һ䣬֧ʸһſСʸڳϵһɫҺ壬ЩҺմؾɢʴĶζ
εоɵضĹһǹЩɫҺ巴ϣ̸ʴ
Сɰεһе鱻̽кãţҿɲ䣬ڿҵˡ
ĳǹɫҺ壬˰ſеļʸһǹֻϵϤնϡ
εֲһɼΪѳһ̽ݡͼЩڳϣֶ
ôֳˣε뿪ţεߣʵ
εһʸֳһ
εоվԭüͷε˵ţʲô⣬ѵ
֮ڣϽǵĻ԰½ͽҲɫɫ¥
ʱǰ½ͽ⿪԰е󣬴Ž뿪˻԰Ϊ뿪Σյĵطϵȴⷢ԰ֻıɽһǡ
һһ󷨣ָֻ˲־Ҳٺ˼ſ½ϡ
뾫ƣ½󣬿½⿪һһ󡣵ȫ⿪󣬲ŷվһûʵĹǰ
ǰһ޴İ׻ʯ䡣ĴŽŲ˺ɫ
ֿЩɫźɫëǱˮݹͷճ֮ϡ
ҲܳͷСֹ
½гһŻ𣬶һЩëУһſŴͫף˵ǰ
ֱͻȻ۾һض㵽½½˵ţ
ʲô
½ý֣ԷͻȻ͵ǹ޽ֲһԹ޶ʳֲ
½䳤£һնɫϵһ䣬ڴ֮ϡ
ֿĻ
½ףͨǹ޽ЩԹߺޣʳԹ޵һ̶Ⱥ󣬾ͻᷴɱߣУΪϡ׳ǧ硭
ԣ϶˽ǴȻʳԹޣɱߡֽ½Ĳ룬Ħ°ʣǻ᲻ڴϿЩˣǸһһŮϢ
½Ҳ˲룬ϾڤĲﶨڤ˴ģֻݳôԹô֡ôˡ
½һ˼ֲôţͻܣȴЩ鶢ûƤ񣬴ӵϼһʯ˹ȥʯһ飬ɫĸʴҺ塣
ֱ彭ֵ壬½۵ֵһЩֻʴ½ǡ½ֵĸ첲õ˹Һ壬Ҳ֪ЩǷʲô񾭣ԽԽ͡
ֵ½ǶʴһЩűʴһŵôвһбҪô𣿡
½Ҳ֣ոյĹȽֻҪأΪνһСʯȴҹֹǱŭ׷
½½Ǳʴóǰ
Ⱥ·֪ʹԽƵ
½קŽֵŶĽֺײΧ
һ̫ˣǣ
½һ̶̽ڵϣɫķȼһɫĻ档
ɫĻ汻½һֱβ͵ķˣż磬ŽײĴڡ
ű½ײ̱µʵʵڵĽкǣǴˡʦʦ߰
Īǣȥȥ
ʦߣ߰
ڣɫۣŻ¥Ƶķʦϻӡɫűײһλ㾫µʦ飬εӭУὣնϲλʦ÷ķסš
һλĽųĽҹɫۣϲ񾩣ˣ
½뽭˴ڵ׼ǰͻȻһλ꣬˻¥ƣŻ¥ʦºδ
ǰʦ¶ϲɫ΢΢ʦŻ¥ӷΡ
½յ񣺡°½
ּζԼ̷Ӧײѧ½Ƶҡԣ¡֡
εͷջضԽֵ񣬼½½ʦԮʦʦûһô
ˡʦ֣л˵ϻ̻أܺãǾˡ
ˣѵѵʦʦܻǱ׷ˡεĵսнʵ֪ʦ˵Σ
½εǣδʦһµֻԣ޴󰭣֪˵Ϊδ
°ȣصݵĳ
½ͷĵȻݡ֮ǰЩʱ㻳ɴ˴Ƿݡ
ݵǺܾȣֻҪǿ⹬ݻ̶ȣȵǳһΪǻʹأ
Ҳ֪˵عң֪νӻأҲڴ˴ȵýĳһʦʦﰡ
ڲֱ´ʲô紵ݶԭΪʦҲҪһȥأû뵽˷ʦ˵ǲˡ
ر·Ͽʬ壬ŵôУȵʦһλҹɫ۵ʦ̸رȥһƿµķʦסֵֵˣˣǰҵĶǰ𣿡


13 
1.3
ֱͻȻܳŵû㱣ںʽѯҲըԴտգֻɵ㶵ػأǣҲǰס񾩡
û˵꽭־ͱһƿ˺ü½סȥء
ƺݺݵع˽һۣ֪ոΪԼܻˣŻƿʦеôľݡתʦǰŷʦֱۺµţʦô죬ô죿ǾҪˡ
½Żع񣬿ǰĴǲв
ʱĻŵ겻ǣ˽ֵĴ̼ƽʱЩŰִӹɢòףǳڳŮɫ𺣬ݺݵתʲôô˵֪˭𣿡
ֵԭĺƢҲʱĵ롢бĥɾһйڣǰһ䣺˭˭ʺĵطȥЩ֪֪˭
㡭㡭ô˵֪˭ҵǰǧô˵ŭ죬ŭĿԣסͽִ֮졣
⻰벻Ǹ汲Ķ棬˸ۣ⡰См
ʦ˽ţȰο԰꣬һλ½ʦǰ񾩵ʦ
ſڲõߵ½ŵ½ûСӣʲôˡȼ½ԭ¶궯ͻȻ
½뽭֣˶ߵ׹ּҹɫۣ룺ˣˡ
æǸ棬װģ½֪֪񾩵Ĵڴˣ±һСʧ̬ˣ˼Ȼˣݣоˡ
ɵ۰ؿ˲ĵ̫Ҫˡ
½Ҳ𵶾ߣ΢̧°ͣΪγ
֣Ӧԣ˵½
½ͷӭ·ָ½󣬿һ·ŵʬ壬ü
ν󣬿ֵü͵ЩΪȳˡ
ܣ治ֵá
Ҳ֪ǲǴҲ˵һ䣺ϧˡ
ƫʬСɽһѻվƫſڣָƫĴϻŵͼƣŻ򿪣һ鲻ĵط˸ĲƱ
վ½롣
½߽ڵ˽Σ˵ţصأ˾ͱȥˡ
˵ʲôվԭرĺ޳ܵĵ߸ˡ뷢ϧȫûиᣬת͹ƫţýһײĽϡ
һ͸һڽǰĽִҪļһҰŴ򿪣
˽ֵ°ڣСӻǲҪ׷ˣġ
ҾԼˬ£ο½أ϶᲻ǵġ
μ˿ЦСӴԼ֪䱾ǳķԭӻݳ֮ã޷ƣŲƱ˿ɶᣬ˽⡣
ʲôôô˽Щʬ壬ǳûǽ룬Ŀ̫޳ˣôòˣ
ξǰߵĽЩ˼˴ȥһƫλߣͨ˵Ŀܶෲ˶ΪɽԴȴ֪ﲻһ˼޶
ڷߣ⻰Ҳ꣬ɫ㲣鲻ѣתƻݳǵôˣôЩ
üͷֵ죬ݳǳİ硣ÿձؾһʢᣬдٹμӣʦ磬Ҫ¥Ҫ²һЩʱҵʱѾܼͬЩﲻ⡣Щٹ壬ǳûоù죬Խ˷ܣ˲ŮЩ˾һ񻶣׷׽ߵŮҲãҲãɡ
ҷӦȥֹʱѾʼ󣬿ʼЩٹ壬ʱȺӲ֪¡
Щֱ췽ҹ̷
ζϵɹ֪࣬ΪοʼͳԽԽ֦ѶǶ˵һһ顣
εĻýëȻһߣıҲ̸ͬĹ¡
½Żڵǣ
ĵóһʯ˵ˣЩЩϺõʯʮѵһĴʯٿ
½ƿӣ׼뿪ȴµˣˣٿĶҪʲôҶȫ㡣
½׼뿪ƿЩƱ˵ˣˣţΣǲҪȥΪá
½ûдֱ뿪ȴסˣҿѵôοѵ֪Ϊʲô𣿡
½޳ָý磬˽ķص㲻ǲԸ˵𣿡
ƤڼֵǵĲƱϵˣǸŮˣǸµŮ˵Ķ
½Ȥ뿪ģ̼ǸŮ˵ֻҪݳǳΪǧĵһǡҾͬǸŮˣ˭֪̫ǿˣһʼֻҪһѪȻһѪһͰѪʼ˴ѪһɣǸʼ賤Ȼȫݳǵ˶ˡˣҲڴˣˣ뿪ɣҸһл˵ġҵĲƱҲԡ
½תĿ̰ޱȵʵ׼Щ޹İգ
վ˫½ҵĴǸŮ˵ĴǸŮ˵ݳǾͻ˥ˣǵġ
ݳ޵ʧɣ½ĻѻǸŮ˭أ
Ĳ⣬һӲȴ죬żŮ˵ĺ߳볰Ц
ŵùرסԼͷסԼĶ䡣
ʲô½
ǸŮˣǸŮЦˣˣΪʲô档޵
½ڹ̳ȥ̽
⿪ơ
棬һɱҵģڳ裬ڳ衣ᣬڵϵ嶼ڲҪ뿪뿪
½üʲôҲûΪˣǸŮ˵˭
ܼܼ
ܼ½
ԣԭݵĴ˾


14 
1.4
⡭
ĸңԶĵطһһһ߽Žֵľ䡣ֻŷ˵ײУһŨ
ֳգƤ·ǧأһرԼ۾ǷεĻҶֵĸ
ӣӣô˯
϶񻵵ĴŴֺ˫ǰţҾ˯һᣬ˯һᡣ
Ǿ䡰ӡδ־˵ĳ˯Уλʹ־Ȼ˯ˡ
ӣӣô˯ˣ
˴Σջδʱ˯ſΣգ̽Եغٴ㡣
ӣӡ
ͻȻһ죬ĲҽУôܰѽ翳飬Ҫˣˣˡ
αλ񾩵ʦ𳤵
ôˣû°ɣ
أ
һͬμǼ类ƻĲƱЩָָڣ½ǰȥ
˵ʱֵѾڵϣں˯½üǰ̽
θ󣬾ȵ˵Ҳûѡ
½ҡҡͷ˯ˣ߻ˡ
߻̵꣡ǵǰҲͳһ˿̽Ȼʧһꡣ
ǵ˵΢ʱ߻꣬Σأ½ӣǱӿٶȽЩˡȥϡٴлꡣ
½û˵ŻĽ֡
μ½뽭ָ˵½ʦ뽭񰡣֪֮ǰǷйǻǲȣ߻꣬ʳ̫ˣЩ־£ڴ˴ǱЩ˻ˡ
½εĻóнɫľ̯ڵ˵ˣ
ɫľīĻֻһģһСȿֺؼԴӻĳڴĳЩ徢ֱ̫ײ˲ǽڡ
ֻСһ¶棬ƤֻСſѪڣ˵Ρ
½ץסֻСβͣ˵ţһʳ
һźرͣתͷ½ָȻô˵ҾͲˡ
½ͷʷεʦɣ
ȴһ˵ţ⡭ѵǰͼ
½ףͷʦע
ε½ʦġ
½ڽߣ˳Žֵ׹ѰֵĻǡ
Χ½ߣһɢģŷΣʱͷ
һߣ˯еĽֶûǲĸ۾ƾɲݶ˼롣
ʲôطѽȴû֪һʹ
ˣһ Ŷû
ַԼɤﾹȻһ䣺ˣ
壬·۽㡣
ȴŵðĵոҵ
Ǳʹ徹Ȼױ̨ǰĨ۷ۡ
͸ױ̨ǰͭȻ־˾ȻԼһʮŮ
ִԽˣһŮϡ
½ȥˣЩԼôˣ
һͷʣֿʼŮȹһϾ
𴲷ĸףʱ壬ֹżڵļᵷǰⶪʯͷ
ŮǺƢʲôҲ˵ֻĵеĴ塣
ϾӲ֪˶ãõִӿֻŵľΪӾôȥˣͻȻһ죬һڼҵŮţŶ죬Ż¥ַҩˡ
ֱΪŶҲ˭֪ŶŮȻֹæţˣˡ
ױ̨ǰһֻɫ**УźŮһͬǰŻ¥ɼ̨
ҲŮ뿪ܿլԺĵطԭŮȻݳƶһһɫܣʱܿŹ
ŶΪβȥ棬ȥЩ֮ˡ
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ŶߵŮʮ룬ʱ̾ţݳֽһլԺҪԺҲסĴլӾͺˡ
˵ʱɼ̨ǰѾ˳Ķ顣
ԼǷʱ仹δŶվڶУһֱɼ̨ϵʦǡ
ſʼʱŶѾȺʦʱˣų߽ȺʦǵĻҲ
ԸоԼټ٣߽ɼֲ̨ףԭŶһֱĲһȺˣȺеһλ
ɫŻ¥ۣվɼ̨ǰʱΧʦǶԻ
˳࿡ʣŻ¥ĴӷΡ
ִʱҲغţʦʦҰҰ쿴ҡ
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Ŷͽִʱһ̾
Լ̫࣬ɵûŶѾˡǻкܶͨûõɵЩûõɵֿʼ
ǸڼҵŮסŶ˵ţǸϽߣǣ˾Ͳˡ
û˵꣬˾ͱİոֿ
ǸŮţŶСİŶ
ŶҲŮ֣Ⱥɼ̨
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ŶҲײһ˽ȡּغţˣˣ
ϧûüԽԽ˴ײ
ڽ־ʱһЩͣ½ŲŶҲ̧ͷһĨɫǰ
Ĩɫ°Ż¥ͼƣΪϻķΡ
û°ɣεǵʵ
Ů߲ȣʹɾŮǰֵ𣿡
ŶΡΡشε֣ηʱΪߵʹ콫۹մ˷εϡ
ԡԲ𣡡
ЦЦݸŶһƿɵ޷ΣջǸϽؼȥɡ
ŶĿͷ뿪ǻϲꡣ
ȴɤӶˣҲûлεע⡣
Ŷؼʱǰƿҩպãרױ̨ǰϵ۷ס
Ҳ۵Լ
ֻĵشŮֿʼŮչĸףֹλڼŮڼ䵹ҹŶ
һμʱǸڼŮشŶļţ˵ţұѡˣұѡˣڲùĿˡ
ǸŮ˵ã˵ŵȰŶϧλڼŮҲûгֹ
˵λڼŮĳٹ忴УˣǸŮļҲõһͣô뿪ƶߡ
Ż¥ɼգŶǰɼ̨ȥú磬һ쵽ɵʦ˵˼仰
Ͷʦʧȥ˺ϣҲסŶŮμʱһ壬˵κѣ
Ŷõ壬ϲá
ֻǰڼѡεŮ϶࣬ŶҲһС


15 
1.5
ݳǵĴ£ÿѡһŮȥ̷ʦ塣һʼڹ塢̼ѡһŮʼ˰˵ɡ
Щ˼ҵŮѡ󣬴Ӵ˷ɻڴҲùÿȥɼ̨Ⱥ򷢷ŵҩӡ
ŶѡϵգڸӡԸ̽
Щһ˸ǿнŶɳһ仰ҲûԼĸס
ŶһŮаҲµرһš
ȵ˳֪µū۵ġȷʵƶߵҪãٲĪɱҲ֮ȥ
ŶһͬŮЩͻˣ˵Ǽ޸ЩǣŮ۵ģŶֻźʱ뿪˴
ֻû뵽ڳֿʦãվ̨ºţʦ
Ҳתͷüһ䣺δԭⰡ
仰Ŷٸнȡʦܰһæȥչĸס˵ԼиԶΣĸײأĸװο
˻һС£ûջ塣
˵ʱͻܼʦ̺ţʦѽôҲҡ
ι񣬵˾ʦҹ顣
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ܼϲۺ׳ˣθǻϲߵСۣȻԲݵ壬ʵʵλǣ
üܼϸ˵һλСѣδȴû뵽ڴطꡣ»£һ
˵겻ܼ뿪˴˵ء
ŶߣҲˣֻܼվס¡
ŶԸ̽͵ܼǷʦҵġ
ܼһʦԸߵūȡŶȴģĥҲԸ⽻塣
ҲϧûȨȻ嶪ǽܼĹŮˡ
ܼһᣬû˼ԸȻԸεˡ
ŶĪͻ飬ȴֻû߾ͺáûϣ⣬ΧŮĽ۹⣬ȴϼ£̧ϽӣһһǣɵعڽС
ŶĽռȨϧҲ޷ֻܴ󺰴Сοܾⳡʶϴŵ·һڳ԰߿װһģһ
ǸŶŮ޺ͽǸġ
֪ŶŮһ𱻳ˮСʱǴ̹ǰĺٴϯ˽ֵий٣֪ǲΪԭν־ø䡣
ôô䰡Ҫˡ
䣬ǶӾͱһ֦˺ķ飬һ֦סŶСȣƵؽŶס
ҲŶһ˲䣬Ŷڷ롣
ǸŶŮ³ȥιȥסŮȥȴʼβ˱Ǹקס
״һž޴Ϲ˱˺ѵĺ£ǸŶŮҲ֦ס
ǰ֦ȴԽԽࡣ
ԭں׵ģЩνļ˾Ǽ޸
һţ˱קס˽Ͻ⿪ȴס֫
ΪԼҲҪʱһˮи
һ䣺һˮУһϲ̧ͷһ־ȻǸյģĳ㣬˿̵ޱȵķŭüǰЩ֦Щѳɰ׹ǵŮһһ¡
ϧظĳͷ­ţԹ븴Ļɣ
ײ֪˶ٰ׹ǣŮǣʱһԺڣһͬ뿪ЩŮʣµԹȴɵ
ҲЩ׹һԭҲ뿪һ룬ͻȻǰһŰ׹ǵתͷ­˭
ǻǣȻˮǲ֪ôشɵЦ˵ţҡ£
仰䣬ǧϰٸͷ­һתٴηѯʣ׳۵ľǽֵһμ
ûȽֱ˵ǣ׹ǾȻ׼Ե
Щ׹Ǻţ˵꣬죬
ʱĽֲǧһ̵תȥֻǶұ׹ΧסҲȥ
λ㡢С㣬ŹҰɣ
ϧЩ׹ͺ͸ˣΪδʳﻹļֵġǧֻ׹ȿֺŴ챼֣޴䣬һůĽ󷢳
һס˵ţ¡
½
ˣСرס½Ĵȡ
У½ĵ֮׹ǻҡ
ֶߵ׹ɫٴα½ȼ
һ½Ҹ㡭
ţʲô˵Ȼȥ˵½׹ȼһɫ𽻲ջһɫСŽ뿪
һ뿪оͱǿ̼ر˫ۡ
ٴʱͷĿѣ˶ͷ­ͬ˵ţˣϱˡ
С޳˶Ƕϵֲͬ⣬һģһһţϱа
ϱòð
ϱ氫
ϱġ
ϱҲͦģеˡ
ԼǴԽˣ߻ˣǰƮŵС޵˭½أ
ž޴һֵС̧̧°͵Ϊ˾㣬ȥ㣬һǵһοɵ˸ˡ
½
һƮּϣʳָŽֵ˵ţ㰡ҪǳͱŮ꺦ˡ
ꣿֲ⡣
ŶͲСſڽֱ˵ţ ԰ˮҪĻǲתͱŮˡ
ֻ˵һ䣺ǸŶŮ˲ˡ
½Ҳ۾ֻС̷ţҶˣˡ
½ǵͷͬȥɡ
һ䣬ֻС˷ܵػƣţˡ
һƵĳҲ˵Ķ֣Ǽڰͼ˼ˣòô꣬һ١
ڣ½ǸжǱŤܾԼӦ˵䣺ллֵܣǣһŤ飬˵ڡ
ֲԼãԹԼø½鷳ʵһϲ鷳ˣԴʶ½֪Ƿ½ٶݡ
ǱʶﾹȻã½ӦþԼϾԼӰ
½ʽǷаɫһһ°ףЩǡ
½ûڣͿֶԼһ⣬ʱ½ɵۡ
ֵǶر죬սŵķҲˣеεؽԼ˻ȥ
һ󣬾ˬЩֵ뷨ɳԺ½ؿڵлֵܣ
ֿʦ뵽Ŷʵʦˣ̫ˣȥʼ£˵ʶŶ𣿡
ʦεվ⣬׸ոս½֮䷢£ڿѾˡ
˽ֵĻҡҡͷŶʶ


16 
1.6
ǧһֱԸǣʢرĲϡɳʮ¥һŻ¥򣬰׻ӵΪ
ϧǰǧͿ̿ݳҲ⣬ɳ٣ӴǧһǧɣϹ񾩵ĹƷʮһֱ֧ݣҲ񣬾͵Ȱ񾩷ݶһλݳϣϽɹƷܹ
λбƵĳЩڵײڣԹǺ¡ԹĲ̣ڳ뿪ûбۺĳҪϲӡ
ǶЩ壬ԭݳǵĴ˾ܼ˵һŹ壬а񾩳ĳǣһۣͬһ
˵ŵŮˣʲôأ޲һʼ͸ýŮ˴ҡ
ɰҵɾܼ㰡㲻˵ҪȢңŹϱôūңūҺ㣬㡣
޲һͷƱֻ¶ƨɶŲţϧڲŵĽѻ٣ҽ󱳶Ųš
һµҶ
һߣһҲŮ˵ĺ
üܼˡ
ֶǸŮҲйһ֮Ե֪Ů˶ԷκøոշξȻ˵ʶŶ߻Ƕʱ䣬ȷʵǵйӴѵǶμٵģ
̽ʵܼ˭ѵʦʶ
εйһ˿мʶ֮ͬˡ
ɻ󣬽͵Ӧ֪ΰɣ
ֻ治֪½̻ش˷εĻǧ־ݣ԰Ϊ𣬾Σ桢ַʮ¥һڣ漰ΣɹϽ֮򡣡
ˣγɳһֱݳڵһЩŹ԰´λǰһֱλܼʹȨŮ˺ôϲֻ޵ϲӵΪг裬ݳһֱаŮ޶ΪĵЩ񵳣ҲǱɱ˰ɣܼΪ檡γ̾һŻ¥Ȱλǳϲ
ֵͷǰ񾩲𣿡
仰ʳβؿŽֵ΢£ΪҪܣֲǳ˵߸ǧĴ
ЩǶʹˣѵǾݵĹѾˮ֮ˣѵͲþȾ𣿡ʵڲ⡣
˽ֵ仰ţɵⷬ𾪣û뵽ǧ绹˳֮ˣưԭǧ֮ˣ
һʱɵۣ͵͵һ½ֶԷҲգŴ۾תͷĬ
ο˽ģЦӣĪģ²Ƕ֮ˡ뷨ԺǱˣ²ţ򽭹ӽһӦ֪飬԰ǰҵ߲֪ǧǹ汲δֻ֮ࡢɷڷ󱲶磬汲һֱܹȺΪܹΧˣȱǺľƬǧҵȱӻǧʼΪꡣǰǰ񾩿ǧʧˡ˶ɽ磬ֻԼ֪ﲻһȺ˹ֻ̤·ͨ˰ˡǧҵȶѾϰǿʳ·̫᫣ͬ߶ʧԼĪҲְɣ˭ȥЩأϾѡǧҲԼˣİȥطǡ
λ߸˽ֵ֪ǧһֱΪǴ˵еɽ磬֪Ϊɽȫһ죬ִûһЩ£ŷʶȫûпǵ¶ڵ顣
Ҳ̫ں泪ϷŮŮվڲţ˻ǧԴͷ
ŮͷɫķΣ߹ͭ쳣׵ķɫԳԱȡ
Ů˵ģֿǼ£ȻһҵĹԹԣʲôܼôˣ
ܼĻǹ¶΢ЦϸͷԼѳצ֣˵ţԭλӰūˡ
ܼһֻŷŰۣιȥ˵ţԭΪ˵ʦˣû뵽бȷʦˡ
ģɬ½ɣҪҪȥ̸̸飿˫Ҳɰ
Ķͷʱ촽ݷ½ζļȡ
Щ̷Ƥվ½СֹţɵӲĻ
Ҳڽϣʱһս
½򱻶϶ѵõ
ܼͼܵϣص֪ѽСӣǾɣ
ܼһ޽ϵһ½һ޵·εĳصһ䣺ʦ
αһ̵ȼеķֽܼȴܼ׻⣬ֽмЩصֽмǱܼסһںϳһŷֽסܼ
֪ܼҷصȹڣа
˷εĻҲ֪󺰡ȥɣͳȥһĪķ䣬ֺܼ
½ץסֱ½õܼӭֵһסֵҶ겻ȵš
ܼ½Ȥǣ߹½߳ЦŽѻʯľٶһҲû֣عŷ֣ԼȫƭˣѾ˷
ǰƭŭԭݱøŤò䡣һƤ⣬½
ֻּιȥֵǵؿŷΡ¶һ˿΢Цοֺ󣬱ˡ
ܼ½սڼԱӵŶƤƵƮؽߣһŲ
һЩ½ûû£ⲻǳĶ֣Ҫ֧֮Ǹл꣬Ȼͱˡ
ôأֵǵʵ
ɫЩ԰ףȹ̵ǾҪˡ
εʣ̵ڵװţѽҪˣҪˡ
ֵ½в٣ôҸ㣬Ҫǲ˵ھͰͻȥ
ݺݵһۣңҵǡ
һˣаְûã黹ʱ鶼˵Ȼ͵ɣ


17 
1.7
ݳⲻԶµϢ֮󣬹ݳ⵶⽣Ӱӡһһߵһ䣺񾩵ʦҲձʣһֻһֻɷ
ݳţڵѾʸ»ɫȳҺ帯ʴŴء
εоȸǹȼһǹӹȼ׻ȸǹзɳʸȼϻ档
ȼգڣŨ̹
εо˺ˣֻȼ󣬽ݾʦ¥
ֻǻȼһ룬еȸҵĽ
棬˷εоǡ
ݳڣƫŭָǲƣ
ɫͨ죬ֲµģǸܼӺġʵеԸҲݳǹĺһ㣬ʲô
ݳǹĺһ㣿
ֲĻѻһ䣺ҿĺһɣ
ǽֻ֣ôӳȥջظߡȻȴǸΨһĶӣײ᲻
͸˽ˣһֱţص񾩣øɱǡ
Ѿƻνĥȴ½ͷʣ˵ʲô£һࡣ֮˵𣿡
⻰Щݣʵ밲ԺԸϾ˵һʿܼݵĸ
һԵˣΪá
ԸɿڣּԸϺ½УˡȻһﲻϣֱӰ͸ܼɣϾԩͷծ
ֵĻŵ˷εʦҪȾҡ
αͶ⿪ֵĳܣǸ֪ȽϺã
޷أֻúгǡԸ
Ը
ɫһףһ䣺֮ʲôԸ
֮±¶Ҳɷݳǡ
ֹʵżһȭͷ˵
ǱƵû취ֻõݳǳΪڶ񾩣
һŵ˺󼸲
ֽ½֮ǰյ룬߻ʱʵԸÿʵһԸҪһƷԸĴСƷĸߵ͡һʼֻСԸ̰ƷԽԽࡣʵֵԸŻҪΪƷ
ԣһе׾ǰ̰
ץסԸȡ𣿡
ҲԸҪݸˣҪһˡǿǰ񾩰
ҡͷҵ£ҵ£ܼĴ޹ģ
δʱҲƣὣǰ赲ܼ½ս
ı£һһǺã
һĶַ˹Уʽܲܰˡ
⻰ŵ˹ȥ
ֵΣգǻȥ½ɣ޷
һҡͷУУҪǱ㣬ҪǲĻᱻǸŮħͷĥġ
ֻҲͷͬصԵģԵģŮħͷ̫ˡ
־⼸ֻսʵڴСáܼκ½ѹסȴЩˡ
ָЩǿ϶ֶ˰ɣǿһһȥԣٳܻˡһãοǸ𣿡
࿴һּۣȰɵ½ҵĴΣգӦȱˣŮħͷӦø°ɡ
Ȼİ£ֽܼܿδˡ
½ܼһ۽ֵߣ
ŷζ㵽𴦣Խǿ󣬾½˵ĻǸùǰ֮
ܼΪݵĴ˾Ҳ൱ʵɺƾԼķҵķ
ΪΪϰ
ǰ꣬ĵ͹ôãʼ㣬Щ£
ҲֻɣĿ־岻ŤغţȺСˣǸҵģݳǡ
½õĳǺɱС
пֱָܼһ䣺Ի󡣡
½İӡסܼԹй
ܼץͣװķĺУΪӴս
½ܼһֱܵȻذ뽭ֲġ
һ˿ڣֱҲѪ
һԱȣߵѪ
ʱǰܼ·磬ˣһ΢ܸıʲô׼˽ֵ׹ҪסԼӳȥ
ˣûһ˿סʲôŻ¥񾩣Ƿ
һʯذ׼͵Ϯ֣ȴķֹ
δһСģ
ŲĶ⣬ǰһ
³һĭþȫεĸר˿ڴĥ
ֳ
ԣҵȻҪϵ׹Ǹ󱦱Ұ˵Էһؾ飬Ķϡ˵ҪҪ
˲ʶ֪׹ļֵ
ȡֵĶ׹ȴ׹Ļ衣
ŭŷδ֡
½״̵һ
ԭأذڵϡҲһڵϡ
½֣һ䣺û˰ɣ
ѽٺĻϲ½;İ࣬ûϵʹţҪ
һ֪ԭμµذףӺ󱳴̽ࡣ
ڵϣ޷ֻؿԼѪҺ
꣬ʵдδĳֱ㶵شԭء
½˾ǳСסֵ۾ʦ̫ˡ
ҲҪذ˽Դıɱ졣
εɫ԰ףʬʵһ䣺׿񾩻۴𣿡
½ˣһ䣺Ȼӷͬ
ϧθĻָʵյһ䣺ˡԸȻҲ
ݳ֮⣬ʸڳϵΪҽһء
εоĳǹ̽һֻؿڣʧüСģͻȻʧΣա
εεоߵˣô£
εоҲǺ棬ոճɫͷһȺ
ķ΢̫ࡣ
һҲʧ
վݳǰɻ󣬻ǷӦڱҵ˻
ûĳűźѹ꣬Ϊĳǣǡ


18 
1.8
ֽû棬һĨ̺ŵ̨ͷϴ䣬ϴŵɴȹָȾ޺죬ϸ֫ӯӯһա˵輼Ⱥ
ϧʼ޷ǰĵɳ
һϣ΢̧һ䣺ɳɾɷģɰūŵͨͨ
ɳ治ɫ󻹸ļٵ½ģԴ½ʧٺһ·ϵ˵ѡɽկ
ΪҪսһ˭֪ؾкկ˵Ǵ󵱼ҵ롣ɳֺթļ½ڣկӦ
屾ΪһٶһžͿǰɽկĴ󵱼衣½Ŀ˾ͷֻ½Σʲô赸
ŭһҼҹӽ
ǵüϻȻĵϺ죬΢۽ޣ赸ɫÿһڵϣ硣
½ļΧĺŮӣȴɳԭλ
½Ĳһ䣺ɳΪΣ
ɳҹɫڴŰɫơָ½ģŮǵɽկĴ󵱼ҵ硣Ǹ裬ÿһһ󷨣󷨲֣ʱν»
½ջؽصǾôɵţ
ɳ΢΢ǣȻ豾ռ֮½ʦڴ˴ֻ裬½ʦǴǣͬʱҲռָ֮ãǷһ
½Ĳɳ
ɳһ䣺½ʥ֮ںδ
Ĺ٣ȱ죬档
ϣ٩½ģȵɳǵɽկѾ˾ƲˣկʦһƷƷΣ
ɳᵤ磬ȣдݳǳ
Ȼ٣һŻƷɳġŵһ䣺󵱼ңȻ񾩲񣬵޵ģвԱУΪ֮
ת̤ɳɽկͬʦ̸ϻݳǡ
ɳһߣͶƤģϡûã߳һλ꣬ţС̣û°ɣ
ҡҡͷ޷ֻǵ㣬񾩶Һ壬ΪֱֲףˣСֻܽ㽻ȥˡ
һûڣʱͲúȥӰ񾩵ʦǣҲͲֵ˵ز
ҪҲ֪ôˣС΢һˮУ֪Ρ
ǵǽ֣ɽС
Ϊݴѽ⡣ڵȸոջҪΣաЩȡˣȻӵ𣬾ʬҲթʬ𣬼˾͹
˷ŵýצһ½Ļţթʬˣթʬˡ
թʬͫȻɫ˫ǰֱ½
½ֱסֵβż΢˺󼸲ĹûȽһԭڴڵǣҲɫͫǡ
ֱӱס½ͷţѽȫթʬˣɥʬƬ𣿡
½ʱɻ󣬹Ա̧ͷһ䣺ʲôɥʬƬ
ʱֻͣţ죬죬
ֺţѽҿָ߰
ĺľűײɣ෺Ű۵ǴݣͼϮ½뽭֡
Ҳ̤ϷɽڽֲԶ÷Ļݣ½ǻʬɶᣬ뽫ݻΪѵҲɱ
⻰ʮΣ̵ǲĴ˭֪ᷢ°˵ǲ½
½ͷֱסȫǰֹʬֵĻһʱȣֱײ˴ķ
۵Ļסͷһʱֱˤȥ
μ״һСġ
½ֻץסֵȣýֵͷڻʬתһ԰Ĵ̼Ŀһ㡣
ֵĺûҷŵĳζû³վڳʱѾˡ
һ㣬ִ̼ͣд˿־壬ýһ˷ܡ
˷ܸнʱĲȫɢԭһģϲսˡ֮ǰͣĥĺ˷ܸУƽֻͨսϷѹؿоһ˿˷㡣
ǰʮĴ̼ܺͻҪ࣬޵ĺĵõ㡣ڲʶԼһ
ưԣָտɴ
½Ȼؽ֣ǵ뿴Ƿˡֱס֣˵һ䣺̫̼ˡе㡭
½⣬ɶϽ˷ܵͻЩЦҪҪһΣ
һΣ
ֵͷЩֲƬųֵĳ̽ǹ˷ܸ룬ǰլǱЩеûˣưԣǼֱ췽ҹ̷
оԼ½ֱţ֮ǰ½ƨɣо񻹱һ¡˸Լոں˼ʲôǸϽϼұƽ
ܾãڸ½һȥԼ䣬Ҫš
ҡͷ˹Ƶãܾĸ١
½̺ͷ飬ȸŻؾȳʦ¥ʬ⡣
ըƴݶŻ¥
ٶȼ죬ǷڽЩۡ
Ż¥ľ벻ԶȽʱѾŻ¥⡣
½ֺͮͮգʵһ䣺
סˮǿصһ䣺û¡
½˿ɰ̲סóҩͿյһ䣺û¾ͺãҲ̫չˣʲôҪ͸ҡ
ҩֻУתͽһӿзһ
δ󺧣ָˣ㣬ϢȻĹ
Ϣأ̧ʽһ䣺ʦôˣ
ֿɲϲɱˣʦʦõĲˣ
ȻϢһ⻰üͷǿ̫ˣ
ʻֻ̳ķΡ
αˣὣֿסֻǣƣѪء
½ǰϢΪһ
Ϣʱλʦúֽһ㣬ϴİͼҲٱҺĸ㣬ɲʹðͼһĵ
˵ײײ綼˽֡
ֶŷߵߣ˵ţǵķײһΣǿܻᱻ
ֵͷŲԶභ½һǡ
μˣοģ½ʦ񣬶ϢǸϽȳʦҲ½ʦ
δ˾䣬е̼¥
Ż¥һ磬ּסΣؽϽڣ̸ܲǹɳײ֮
أֻܿŻ¥ſڵʯʨǰֱ뱳ΣɷȴУ̫أ㱳ҡο˴йˣ
䣬Ϳߵʯʨϣţϣôҵģ
ּͻȻ̵֣ô
Ϊʲôûס
ָֻ֣ŷΣʦūһһ⡣Ż¥ôҪǸңҾͷŹΣ
ؿڣ޳ܣҾҲȺˡ
ԱϣһƽͽŻ¥У½־ؿǰԹ硣


19 
1.9
ƣȻۡ
ǵĵƻƯ֮У΢֮УԼܿǰĵеĵ·塣
¶ĵ˵ţҡʲôᡣ
һǰԴﻹһ飬Ȼ֪磬Ҳ̫˰ɣ
ľʵȻӱһ·ոջֱ·ڱڡ־ѽ԰ʲôҪһ䣺
½ͷʦڵĽоȻƶ·Ϊһsolo playerңƶͼǾͨ
۲һӣϵʯӣľƵţڴѡұߣȻһѡ·֮仯ԭұ߱ڵߣǰҲ·Ưڿеĵƻ
ЩƻͳһεĴеףȾһĨɰ졣ֱ߱۾±仯Ĺɣ㲻ҷġ
Ͼ˭Ҳ֪ŵʲôΣա
߹һ·󣬱۾Ժｫ߹·һͼָԤϵĲࡣ
RPGϷĵͼƣȻ·ȻһĳЩϷ߹·ǰʦйɵϣγһͼ
һʼΪǰͼϾﴦԣڿĿԸһЩ
ſʼĿǰվλӣպγİƬꡣǰ·;δ֪½ҹɫۣϴ½͵׹ÿ߳һ
ǰɣڿеյյͨһʱ˱治巽򡣽־۾оŵͼҲû˼ע⵽һյյ۰㣬ϸϸع۲
Ϸլ붼Ǻõģ·ϰ㲨δ𣬽ƽһ鸡ľ߽Żء
ǧֻ֮࣬ɽһֱǧ֮ŻأŻ¥ܡ
ݴ٣ŻҲΣڵϦʦ¥Ϊ鲻ᣬȥȣݷŻأֻһ
٣иˣ񾩡
һ¥֪ڣӷ΢а񾩵ҹɫۣȼƣڡ
ģȥʦףǵǣ֪ŻʮԸѡλꡣ
ϴɫۣؾһӣ㽫ǰϾ
ֱŴһأҪΣǰԭһ˵Ŀռǳ©
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ʦ¥ʣûйƽŹΪΪβһǰӵѪȾ*ΪŮӣֻءǧŵˣһֻˣԽԽȥˣɽ޵ǳֻءһʼ볤βȥ˼䣿
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20 
2.0
ǳת½档
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21 
2.1
ν췣
ǧ罨޻̣߱ɢ꣬ɳǳİг뱻ɱڹ޾֮أԴڲˣ췣
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˵ףӾ裬ʮʮһ塣
Ӽһ¶һ䣺ûѣôͲǶᡣǰԣ걾ںδ
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ȻôֱźӴһ䣺õء
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һϲصŶŶʵģûҪΪ̳ˣϾĵһ׵ġ
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μ½һ顣
½ü۵Įֻһ䣺ΪԴġ


22 
2.2
Żڣǹ飬ʴʢ֮ơ̱Ԫ½ڸĵһ֣̽ؿ
ӽɽֵۣش½ϸµع۲ָҵļ̳ߡ
ֻ½鵶ӭϷεĽ⽣ӰУײ
ĳ𺳣ǧʱ˾֮ˡ
ԴĻ֪ҪǶ˼ޡǧӲȱǿߣαǵǿߣҲֹǿ֣š
һ׵ǧεĴεĻۣԳΡŻ¥ǹҲǾ˼˵Ļ۲ɡڣǰ꣬˵Դ
ڳ׵г죬ƾεĴսΪ½ĸСɣڿɲ⣬˼
½ĵںϽɣ뵶÷мܲסһӲƴ󣬷ٴαˣ
סʯЦһõ
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ΪûĻ˺һ顣ɺ֧֧ᣬûлӦ
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23 
2.3
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ϼɣɫʣ»ڰ񾩵º̨֮ϣ𱡱
̨ͤ¥䣬գֺĽȺУ¥鿡
ǰ񾩣ǧĳ֮ءķһǣڤԨ֮ϡطֲǧСһĸãΧסǹ֮ơ
ڽձҪʮһȵİ񾩴ѡŹӵǣͳһɰ׻šȸŽǧȴ񾩴ѡ
ԼȴЩ۴Լ塢ΪͨһҾΧʮС϶ǹ壬С϶Щĸӹܽ񾩣ҲںʲôЩμӴѡߣͲ󣬶ǻõ͡һ쳤˲ӣ񾩵ϡ
ϾĳЩ˵ǴΨһһνǧհ񾩵Ļᡣ
ǳڰУһѳһ㽫ĳЩС
˿壬Ƿɵϵˣѳ˷̤񾩳ǡ
ϼε¥ӯӯϼ⣬ʱ˿ּ̣ˣҪһԲۣҲ̫˰ɣ
½뵽Уڸ񾩣μӽᡣ
Ὺڰº̨ĻµλڸԵ֮ϣء
Ϊ׵һĳ죬ŨüۡͶ֮ƣΧλأһʱЩпӣɫǶ֪ˣ
ԭĬˣͻȻɸԼĴüͷøǸᣬһϮۣͷȸڵĽɫ
εţǰȸİܣԭҪ֮λȴⱻʥʶ֮һҲ֪񾩵ôѡ֣ƫƫ͸һɫ֡
ɫ֪˻Ϊǽ֮ɴɫ֮ҪԣԶɫ
ڣ֪ϲͨεŽ
εŽĵصһ䣺ն֪ˣ֪ܲ𣿡
ûεŽķ̣ͷοصһ䣺ǾͺãϾεʥĸϢһҪͨŻ¥١۾Ƭ֮ϡһע⣬Ҫҡòװ˼꣬ܺú˵Ҫȥƽҡ
һߡ⻰ҲǺϲϾҲϲǿԣᶼμӣֻԼĹչǧꡣ
εŽ⻰ԶԽЩĹۣϾȥۻƽҡ
˴ʱϧ֮⣬ںЦ߽µʱᱻ
ĴΪƣǽʥĸΪ˴ԲԸʣҲǸ崺ᡣ
˳üԼ֮£ڵλò֮£λ̫ǣֻʥ߼ɡ
ţ̾ϢһᣬͲ֪ԣݴңŹΪƱ伫ʥƽңݻսҲݡ
ԣ˼صͷ֮ϣҲѧ˳Ĭ
Ͼڽ˵ʵ̫ᣬȰ˵˿ûиı˵ĳ
ĸҲټ棬ҲúѣĬСܶ࣬ûþ˯˹ȥ
ȵ½ҲɾµʱѾڶ
½ȸλǸԼȥ֮һһ֪û½Ļ͵ˣǶ֪ˡ£Ҫʼˡ
εŽͽһۣýô˽ӡҪ֪ʥÿλʥ䱸һλ˵ʵڰʥУʥ˽ʦʥ˾үүԺռ˼˶Ҫ˱ᡣ
ջΪɾǵʥߵĺӣһҲ
½ûʦֵܣȻʺһ
Сʦܣݺ𣿡
½ţ֪֮ѱ֪صпɣʦϾȥһΡ
ղһۣչһ̫
εŽý̫û۽磬½ս̵ʥ̵һ䣺
µڣھ˲䣬ʧѴǧúϽҲǧ´
ʱǧˣɽ״ڸԵ֮ϡ
ЩǧõĸΪݹ۲ݡ
˼Ȼ񣬵Ƚᡣ
ռ˽ղμ֮ڶ࣬ûɫصһ䣺ϣĹİƽۣۡۡزôݹѵǻعⷵգ
⻰Ҳ⡣ҦߣŵֱԣմĪ֣ҵ֮Ƚ˷ޱߡʴˣ֮£ν⣿
һϲҦߣһô֪ν⣬ǽ̸ѡ֮£֮²ҹܡ
ҦһŰֺǽ˵˼ǣ񾩲ˡ
ձǴ⣬뿪ڣεŽһ䣺Ҧᣬ֪׻ôû
ǧ˶֪Ҧ׻ϵǳһݳӣҦߵֶ
һлƼʹʧӣ谮ĹҲɥ֮ʹһ𡣶ڰ׻˵ҪݵȥϾʧȥҲʧȥһǧǸ˲¹ͷն֮ءԭǧӣССĸۡ䣬ϵң֣Ҳš׻šȸšļҡ
ǸĺӣǸĹѸֻʣȸ׻зͥı¡
һȸֵǷꡣ׻ųûȸŴ󲿷ϧȸų˸
ֱز٣˴ݶˣǰ׻űضԪˡ
ˣҦߴ׻ţҪûݡ
εŽڣҦ߸ȸҰģֵǽɫ˵˼ǣҪˡɲɴ˵Ĺء
񾩲ֻöϣ
Ҧڴ̬ȼԭ̽񾩵̬ȣ̽һ̽εŵĿڷ硣⣬Ȼ飬ɰ׻ݡ
ϧڿҦ߾ãȸݡ
εɫ֣вޣɱȻɫ֪Լλ⣬һСľͻ˿ʵ
ȸˣҦ߸ΪεŽ̷Ҧ̫ͱˡѲǵݳգ԰ݳɲҦ
˵֮˳ཿȸŵĳʹεֶͣҦ߷һ
׻żȸ³Ҳʾǹལԡ
ռ˷ͷͣ¾Ⱥһﳳ֡ӣ뽫ȫȥ
εŽҲϲ֣Ψк⣬Ȥ
Ὺҹ˫ûǽϯ˫Ҫˡ
ϵļλҲҹ˺½⣬찴Ͳסֽ
ָ˭ҲڰԽ
˾ʣá½ȴŽ֣֪Ƿƽǧ֪Ҫ£Ҳ֪ʱȥ֡
յ½ߣס˵ҪҪģҲⳡ־ܿͻ
½֪ԼλʦֿᰮģҷıӮȻĿӣ֣
½Ըģ㨲̾Ȥ
ûãȻԣ־
ԼǽλԹڸж˰ʥʥ
ݳ֮λɱδѡĿ׵Ρ


24 
2.4
ө㣬ҹɫᡣޱߵҹУһҽֻ·ȸʵĴֻʻ񾩡
ֻòƷˣмҲСЩС;飬㽫ȸţԴʱ׼ȸŵķﴬһ񾩡
󴬼װվżźɫȸƵᣬǻꡣһſڴϣΧ羰
½ҲУ½Χȸ½ģ׷½ĿһֱۣӺӣ磬һ硣
ɲϲǧˣҪεоʹĸ뱱ԷǹʽҴ
½ĵ˿ǰеʦǾ˼ʳǵһսĹֻҪǻȥִУۡ
ǴӲǧڶҲмĽǶ½˵ǧһȺ¶֮۵ʸûС½һǧΪūǧů½ĸֵͱǧСǿеͷʣ
ԣǧˡ
ʱֻ½Ŀ⣬ֹֽ⣡
ǽ⣬οҪĥѡ
½һ뵽;Ҫ΢ͻᴳһֱҹӵĽ겻αҪȸŵķβ壬Ļǡ
Ͼ΢ˣ޷һ壬Ϊߡ
˵ף½ĿУ˸ͨһṳ֮̂š
ǧ߽Ϊһ֮ˡϾֻһ壬ڤֻء
ǷεŮŶһȻ֮ʳɵ٣влǡ
½ıҲ񾩵ʦһСϧ죬Ҫ˵һ䣺겻ǲȸзβ
ҹ⻰޵֮Ȼˣȥɣɶ⡣
½ĵɫɷףǰûڵضԼ¡껹ðûڣ˼´˽֡
Ҳ֪ǲ½ָ̫࣬մӴʹ˸硣ʱ½뿪ûãҲûʼ
һյڷɵƣҲȸģǾɡ־ɵǧŹǴ״Ǽļһա
ֵһĻ棬ʮָȤָ봥ȸεĻ棬ȴƼȸ֣۵ջ֣ɻȸϡѹ½µҹɫۣϵĴԡ
֮зβ޷Ҳ򶨽ֵĻǡ֮Уû鵽ؼ֮硣
ò˵ܿ
ʣ˴ΪεʱʶĺҲˣһ⡭ţ֪ˣȸŵķﴬӦڸ񾩡
֪Լڣ˫ȼҹɫϹ˹ͻȻԼǰ飬ʵ½أû°ɣǸôˣ
ڽֵʶҲһȦչ**壬صô֪궼ˣ۾յôô
⻰Ͳ⣬һҪߣҡܲ۾ΰɣ
뽭໥һֻ
ۣĴ»ͷϵأĽ⣬̲סȥ
δϵȸβ֣ȡԵĲ豭ȥײ
豭ĲӦֱʡ׻ûͱһס֡ס
ֱСͻȻ⻰ŵֲȣ豭䵽齱ߣϣ
ּ˵豭ŵ˲ʯ鶼һӲʶֻصһ䣺군ˡ
Ȼǳ˷̶ļУţ㡭㾹Ȼǳʹ
˵֮ˣεоĲεݴٽ
ݴʦȸ̷ذ񾩡
ʱεжף˫βȸ˫ֲڲӯһյСϣ֪֪ҼҴϲĲߣ巡δҼҴ˸ͲὫⱭó
УոԷβʲô֪֪ȸŵҪ巡δǼҴˣʸûУ
Щ˫ֱصͷԼ½ˣܻ鷳
ʶﳰЦù˰ɣù˰ɣ
ʱûʱȥǺӵ侮ʯ̬ȼϿҵضεϹǸλʦʵڱǸҡ
εزֵܽĵǸһ䣺ǸǸ֪˵˵ˣ֪ˣͲá
δ֮ԣԭһ䣺ͲФ벻ĶǱ߸ӣһĨɰεϡ
εûԼʲôصһ۽֣һ˳ȥ
ε״΢΢üضŽʵһ䣺ӿɺЩްҾҪβͻҼҴ
ּǰεһ˿ӶͻȻԼλӡǧ󣬸ûӴŮӣǡ
ͷ룺ѵǰ˽⣬ǸӣУ
εֲöԷʵ񣬲ε
Ƚֻػֱȡ߷β壬һãȻĽ֣ŷڷɵ̨
˰죬ýһݵӵܣôܽӴǡںӵʾ£ף˳ɸ½йء
ϾָЩŮû档ԭĽҲܼȸŵ
±ֻǽֵĲ룬ͬһ½ʱڵõ˴𰸡
𰸾͸׵㹷Ѫԭ½ȸųʹεоʶ˻ǡƴŪ÷Ĺϵ
˰½ĵĻԵ޷ݡϾ½ҪȢ֣ԸŹϱݡ
εоΪ½½ĳСӣû뵽˽ڵ֪δ޺󣬶˼󱬷Ȼڴϡ
һɾͼεεԭεоŮεоһͬͬá
δ޵ֻȥҵİʦ֪Ҳ֪һ죬ƿƭ½߸εоˣǵķС
εεεоأ֪εо½Ϊ½˴Сǧȸŵĳʹ½һ㡣
˶Ϊ½εоס½˸δޣǳ桰û壬ȻýФ˲Ķ
εε֪֮ºô޳ܡ½½ڣȥ˽֡
Ǳķβ壬εоʹڣŲ鲻Ըؽβ½ġ
½˵ЩʱʾҪȸŵԶһ㣬ñˡ
ɽЩһΪǰĽЩӣ
½ļûĻϣٴοĵ˵һ䣺㲻ҪŮӾУǶַӾܰ˺ƬŮ˶Ƿǳµġ
һŮ˹ٴεģǵýִЦʵɣǲ÷ǱȲ콵ϵġ
½Ĳֿк壬ỵ́ĺģֱӷȥǰصָŽһ䣺㲻ҵĻŰɣͿЩεŮˣô˺Ƭ
½仰ὣɻذ񾩡½½ĺúñֱ֣ѡ֪⼸εҶԽֵĲĽֻᱻεŮ۸ŸַЩεŮ˵Ŀ¡
ϧֲȡ½ֱ뿪
Ĵ˽֣ͦл½ģչˡ˵Ǿ仰Ƕĳϧ½Ĳ½޷ͽֵĻ
ʱޣûεεᣬֻѾʻǧڡ
Ҳڼװϵһοֻȸβ·Ĵֻõİ񾩡


25 
2.5
ɫȸſǰ㻮ʡצһҷ״Ĵֻ
ﴬװϸεĽ磬ڵ磬ȸƶ̫죬ɵĵ
½ĺӼҵһŽг̡
սֵļƻȻȥѰؼ֮ɺȴΪӦ½ϡ
ڽֵʶﵣǵôźã½Ҳˡ˭갡
˺ӵĻúܵ㲻Ҫ˵ҿûԼˣ
ҲҪģͷȻֱԼԼඡ˵⴬ʲôʱͣҿɲȥ񾩣μʲôѡ
Ӿýֲ֪ߵغ񣬾ȻܴԲѵ˵ԼԼϴ½Ĵɣֿ϶ᱻڷС
ңĲ⽭ΪβԸμӰ񾩴ѡ겻μӴѡ񾩴ѡʸ񣬿ǧ󡣶ζǧһ۰񾩡겻μӴѡʲô
̽ԼԽؼҵ֪ӡ
˴˻ýҲ̫ûгǸҲ˵̺ǳûĻĽֵһ䣺ꡭǲȱѽҲ˵᲻㣬Ὣɸ
ɵЦһô᣿۾ֲϹ˺׼ġ㲻ẦҡǿǺأ
˭˭Ǻѣꡭߣ϶Ầ㣬ʮػߡӰ˵һ䣬ĵʶл
ƽһм̳ߣ˵Ǻѡǧʱ⣬ʮļ̳ߣּɵ
ΨǰɵСӣ˵һֱĻ
ǿǺѣ
ǻۣĲ飬Žⲻ˵ļįڱʮС
۾գգԭؼ֮¡˵ʵҪʶһЩ䡣ᵽڻ֮ˡˡֱԣȷҪһؼ֮ǻǳ壬û´ԭӦҲ
δ֮ǽֵ֮̾һҲܽԼԭ塣Ͼǻ괩ԼҲ֪ΣǸδ֪֮
ԭԼֻصԭ磬Ӧûɹ»Ұɣ
뵽Ҳ̾һûãһ䣺Σ
վԼļ磬ҲĹ;
˵ֻǹ͡ûĸĸûĺѣѧ޴á
ﲻĹ鴦û֮ء
ˣصԭ磬˹»ҰҲҪһԡ
ӼֳĬӦúǳơһİ磬ô飬Ӧ÷ǳְ̿ɣ
Ϊ϶ĺѣҲúúõذһ
ʶ˼ο⽭֡һɵĽ֣Ӹ꣬ͿʼŽĻʳʲô
⼸Ȼܴ˵ĴǻʳǷǳʢ쳣㡣
ʶнʾ֭˵˾䣺ꡭˣᡭǧǻ۵֮һʮ飬飬ûл֮
⻰ĺƤĺӾȻڰο̸жĹƵŶŶѽѽ
ýվָŻ֮֮飬֮Դ
պӵָעһ˿һͬ˵һ֡غϣ̿Żء
ŽʶţԽԽֱӽǣ˴ϵȸ
ڵĽֻ֪Լ˴ҲǵһοŻ顣ͻȻԼǰܣе˷ܡ
ӱıشһش󣬸߽֣ôɣռʮ顣ữҲŶǧ߰ٲᡣ
ֵ۾ȫǽ鼮еִͼݡ
һ׵ǰһ¥ĳŻƣܲǹ?뷱ǡ
ӸֽŻķ࣬ʲô书ؼܡʲô챦ͼܡ
ϡͿҲûгΪ뷨ڵʵ̫ˣҪһңҵĺӶܴˡǸûʲôĶ𣿡
Ӳ⣬ʣʲô
ֿɵҩԣִͼݲķʽ֪ӡ
һӵػصһ䣺кѣǵ伮Ŀ¼ɲҪСᣬֻҪῴ飬ֻҪ˵ʣܰθ㱳
꣬ĵȻǸ棡
²ۣװһģʵǾͷػߴˣΪҲѯ°ɣ
ӵĴ۾ϣûþ͵һ䣺ˣ
ſԼĴ죬Լĺȡһᡣ
д˽ֲϤֻ֣ĴָϸֱۣСطᡣ
ϸֱָһ֣쿴мǡԼȥ磬Ĺ¡
﷭˸ۣĵⲻͨС˵
صطᣬרᵽ̻֮ᴩԽ󷨡
̾˿ֻǹ°ֲģ
ӵϸ첲ֵԴһȭȭͷ̫СоڴֵԴ
Ҳ⣬źӵϸ첲ʣôѵ˵ˣ
Ӻߵջ֣˵ôֶŵġ㲻Ѿ˼𣿲ظⱾԴȻˣ
˺ӵĻúýѵһ顣ȫصͼԴϡ
ĵı飬úӵĵõ˼ȵ㡣Ȿǳλʦ
ָһ䣺ǳӣ
ͻȻõ˻ؼ֮Ϣʳָźӵıʣλǳѽܲȥ
ӵС΢΢бƣεصƺҵ
ΪΣֲ⣺ѵѾˣ
ᣬһ䣺ǵûУֻǰ񾩵ʥ֮һڰ񾩱չء񾩲ǺĿ𣿡
⻰ӵһȻ֪˻ȻҪȥˣ
ӵ˵Ҳ㡭̫ˡ񾩲ܽûа񾩵룬Ŷȥ˵ȥʥ
˺ӵĻʮʵ͵͵ҲУ
ӷ˸ۣȻˡΪЩ񾩵ʦľ׮𣿲ǡ
ʣʲô
ӵδѡǰʮлʥȡÿ֮λĻǸã֪˷ĻҲԽ󡣲
սֵʣƵһѡξͻᱻ̭
ӻû˵˵ֵġȴͷɵصԭǾû취һҪÿףؼң
⻰㱻ųɰɫ⽭ʵ̫³ç̫֪ˣ
񾩴ѡɽһŲſǧ꣬Ϊһ٣¡
˶ԴŰ֮У˴
һ䣬ѵһ䣺󵨣


26 
2.6
ɫɺ׹ɫΣվʧȸųʹơ
εоȡڷķΣָɫɺ׹еһ˿ᡣǵŻ¥⣬һϮҹɫ۵Ŀ꣬½Ļ˵ϣһ䣺󡣡
йǰһȴʵ꣬β塣
Ҳǰ㣬ЦŻȻԣ˭ǲ𣿡
½ָ½ĻĽ֣¶ѵһǳЦһ䣺δޡ
˵Ȼ˿ûѿ벻ϲ
֪½˽ʱʱδޣǸΪֻҥ
ڿȫͬ
εоû½¶ı顣½ʶֻ꣬üɨѩĳת١
û½ҲǳЦᡣ
˶ΪǱԷپˣ½ҡ
ȴ֪½һλδޣǸˡ
ǹڻơ
εоǲԼһνԷʱģȴԱԷٻ½¡
ǻڣٻţ໨涷ޣûС꿪ա
СȴȤһѽڰٻ衣
ӰչС꣬ʻҪգضϵĽһ䣺Ȥ
εоգǸȺС꣬ΪѧΪǧΪΪȸųʹ
ڣһжͽ͡
ϲȹƯ񣬵ȸųʹΪһ񾩣վ½ԡ
ڿһжΪӰ
Ӱ׻ֳôӣҴֵ֮С
εоһõϢ͸׽ֵķ䣬ʮѳڲϣ治ɫصһ䣺ҡҿŹϱʲô
³仰ʶĺһ˵˵ʲôҲŲҪʲôŹϱ
ӱһҪȥĸϵظϴԣϽݣһǧȥ½
ִʱҲд˴㣬ϾҪμӴѡ֮ˣȻҪʦСʶڶУֻ½ס
ǣȫû뵽ԼǧҲšһգԼͱʮѽڲϡ
Ϊ׵εһ󵨡㾹Ȼڷﴬʩ֪ǿȸ
ȫ֪ԼִʲôʺӣҲ֪⡣
ϾӸû뵽ֱӽŻ󴬣ҲŻڡ
󷨣Ǹ󷨴ʦû
ὭֵεԣҲŽ˱죬ֻΪˣʲôıƣ뽫ﴬ
Ͼ˳ô˷ɱӵܡ
пԣӦ׵ˣ˱Ⱥ˺ӵĻֺҿŹϱ
ò˵ĳˡҲò˵ⷨȷʵá
ֱΪЩὫ̳ɸӣһ䣬Щ˶ͣ˶
εһ㶣һԼҳʹ뵽εоįģ
ٻǹһΣ
ǹֱ֣̽ȫǽǷܽһ
ʶеĺӽԼŤ黨ţҪҪҪӰ
ҲӣɴʱҲȸ޴ɶ㡣
εоվһԣˣüͷ΢壬ֹĻҲǾ䡰ŹϱС
Ҳû뵽Ǳô̴ֵĳǹֶߵ׹¡
ǹ׹Ļײײನܵȸ
εҲ뻤ײóǹ֡εоˣ̷ųסε
Խֺһ䣺ӣΪʩ´ﴬδִ֪֮ȸǺϣδӣ㣬Ե𱱺Է𣿡
ּȸ£½Լ׹һ˼׹֮ϡ
֪ʲôԷҲֻʶĺһ䣺Է½ȻԱԷ
ǷǷɲɵεо˵˻ӦòԸԼһǣ׼úýһ
Ͼ˫βεСոƣҪ
³ֵĴˣƾȸųʹεоεоԣҲܲ
½ĵĻ⴬ϵŮ˶ϲ
ָᴥ׹̽׹ŵջأεʹˣֻϰ޶⡣
εʱΪһʱϢȡסؿڣ˵˵ûǶĴɱ޳ܵСˣȻˣģǵ
εо˽ֵĻҲţĴֻʩ
˫ֲ£ֻһȸⷬ֡
εֻȸԳĻӦεоһ䣺ǵȸˣ
εоҲ죬շﴬٶȣӦûмղŶԡ
ü˼ѵǰһ֪Ϊ
ȸ㱨ˣȸǷڽ룿
εоʱȷϣոǸǴ󣬲ܽһҴ󴬴͵󷨣ǧҲС
εоֵǸɾ£ҵçײˡлɾʩҵ˿ٵػصǧ
Ըʰ׵̽ǧ
ܵȸǰȥ׼εоҲȥװ塣
ִʱӻ磬ȫεоת̬ȡոջǹӣھͳƺΪɾ
ɾ֮ΪƣϾǧ˶ɾ
ӹؽһ䣺ΪոʩǴԶĿ࿴ˡ
Ŷո˵Żʱʩȥδͻںδ֡ոǲǧ
ĵǰ񾩣
ԣŽΣҲԼ´ξҪһҹ˾̵ĵطŻ顣
ﴬȸʱò½Ŀ񣬺ߵ׹ȣעһ˿
ۼµ˻ʵȤ
ۣչȥһ䣺ҪҪģҲⳡ־ܿͻ
½ŽӦѾ֪ûпǧ
һԲۣ
ʵʣԲۡǺ⣡
֪ԲۡǺĽ֣ʱֻһ䡰˸ۣ
֪磬ɻǱΡ׳ȸ𾪡
ǧƶ˵ȸǰְ㡣ÿһֻɫʰ쵵ȸ
ηŸ裬ӭŷﴬع顣
ڽֵʶнܵЩľݣݵˣΪľֵݴҡ
ʥƽҺ󣬾ͽЩӴǧȸ⡣
ţ࿴˼ӣҲûж󡣿ɵﴬ·ʱͷųϴ֮һЩС˿ϡ
ȹʯ֣ڿ̻Ի͵ȸţǴĿĹâƵýֱ۾
Ҳ̾صһ䣺ȸš
ȸڣҶԳƣֱΪźš
Ϊҹɴ塣
мǵɫĴţֻΪ񾩽ϵĴ
ֻȸŵľ˳Ŵ󴸴
Ӹ߽֣λǧľרػǧ
ȻȥϢһĻ·ʯֶỽǡ
ȸ⣬ɴڵȴȸļ顣
εоķﴬȸüֱӽǧ
־վڼװϣװĺŵˮϣһһ㽫ﴬ롣
ˮϣ㻬壬һ˲ͱˮס
ȽֻʱһֻСȸɹͷͣڼװ
־ú棬߽һȴмֻСȸɵԡ
ܣڿСЩһϼĳǳΧס
ʶУһ䣺Ǿǰ񾩣


27 
2.7
ϰ񾩣ʮ¥ǡ˸Ҷᷢܳ*
ֵҲһΣز
һҶۣŸĺϣ˲
֪Լһʱȸе˷ܣٸеʧ䣬ޱߵļį
һˣ߽˲磬δ֪δ֪Ŀ־壬ǲϵĴ
ûйߵʣҲûгڵļ壬΢еʧǣԼȻ
ĪĴԽֱͲ򵥣оջؼҡ
ǲףЩԽˣôһ˳£Ǻ󹬡ǸУ޷ļįľͨ仰Ž
ҲΪ򿪵ķʽԣ
ʶлֵ֪˼룬ֻͻȻεоεʹˣ
̽бԹһԣ۾ػӦεʹ
εоģոĸ˲̫õӡһˣżֶȡʤ
εоʽ֣ɾɻ
ҡͷҪǻʹһֻؼ֮ġ
εоʲôõķ
ֻɫҡͷһ䣺ǸûСҪʲô
εо͵ɾҲˣǧþڣһƯڿеĸ뵺֮Դ󡢷
ɾǲѡ֮ˣӦȥ̫֮ǰصΪѡ֮׼С
ҷﴬ͹ȥ̫֮˲Żɾ²޳Ū֮⡣
εһ䣺Ȼɾ޴֮ͽɾһ̣ذȫʹ
εǰ뽭֣ɱһԵεסεصһ䣺
εо֪εΪ򱧲ƽͷһ䣺ˣͣѵȥͣ
ε⻰Ӳһ䣺;͡
Ҳ־ܾĻᣬקȸ
εоεεҲȥεȴʹСˣûµġ͸ˣܳ顣
εֵ£Ҳǵ¡ϾǧͷƹƮҡ
εоüεԶȥӰһ䣺ͬǱԷδپˣ£Ҳϳ¡
εε֪½Ҳ˽Щʦ
̫Сûʱǧ硣֪Ҳװ񾩵
ǧԽԽ󣬿Ҳû˸ȥ񾩡
ҲûӣҲΪȸųһƽƽԭ
εǰȥǧýϳ¡
ǣܾ⡣
קȸĽִʱ鵹ƽĺеһƴ
קε֣ˤ
εµȸճɺ裬ڸ
ٶȼ죬ߵýֲ³
εֲϰ߷Уװ˻۶ȸƸȦٷ̫֮
ӼֵģҲһ䣺СѾͷ̫ˣô۸ˣ
ֵ۾ȸ֮Ʋ㣬Ʋ֮׵Ԩ
ĥγ㣬̫֮ʯʨŻ²ֹ
ε˿ЦģֵȥȰ͵ңҾߣ
ڰ֣ˣˣϻǸϽ߰ɣ
εһץĺһ䣺ϣأ
־Լһ䣺С̣ͷŹҰɣԼȥˣ
εȴԸӲŽ֣ȥ֮ء
ǰʹýҵһûļ壬ûǧʸ˽ڻƵء
Ǹݴ󲿶һǧסһƴéݡ
éݻ˵ԼŹϱеס
񽭼ֲС壬ûʸ̤̫֮
εŽִҡڵ򽭼ŵԷ߰صһ䣺ߣɾ
ֱˣε̬ȣƺһҪͻؽңԸ뿪
˦鷳Ůˣ
Ҳ֪ǲεȸķ̫Χ˶õ
ûã˾͵ｭڵéݡվſڵǽңҲǵձ￪ƶǵλ
Ҽ̻ðɣ⣡Ыĳˣһؽң
ӵҲʱ䣬ǧ֪ײ˶ǽĹء
Ҽȸεǰ
εңǳ⽭֣;ôе۽硣
ʽң⣿ǽн𣿡
һýʵ޳ܣȻҸ䵱ճֱǴ治
̻صܣһĹΣڼ۸ĸս㣬⻹ϲ
ʵǽҵ
⻰ýĪʱҪҵճͲаϵ
̵˵˵ʲôҺʱ˵Լǵճ
ҾýڽƱ磬ָΪ˵Լн֣˶֪ǧ絥Ϊ˫ΪԼΪ֣ǲٸ˵ǵճ𣿡
⻰Լ֣ôͳ£ϲ֮ˡ
εһЩĽ̫ӣһ䣺ӴԼǾǵһȰɣ޳֮Ҳǧ
Χֵˣ̺Ӧһ䣺䣡
Ҽ֮ˣ̲ӣһ䣺Ҳ޳֮
ϾЩӶûٵطҪһ⣿
Ҹյ̫֮ʱȥ½֮ϧټǧûһҹ½
Ҳû½չʦףԼǱ½ƭˡ
ǽӵܣǵ⡣
ƭ̫֮ˣԼŹϱֻδ飬֪١ϱѹ飬ǹƷӶûס
ԣһҪýϽ뿪̫֮Զ
ӵ֪̺ܶţҹ
ּԼǴԽˣҲԼ̫¡
ֻԼ֣Ȼ̫
ܣЩ˵һŰɫߣٸ˵ţ
գͻȻԼǲ̫ˡ
ͻȻе½Ǹܻꡣ
ϧûд½ֻз糾͸Ľ
ʱҲײǽò׵õ˴ѡϢһͿΧҵԺӡ
ֻ½ʦ֮¡ɼߵȸһ
Ҽýִмҷѽҡ
뿪ʱõ˽ҵмȨȻʸһ
⣬ֻҽָ䵱ճ֮¸֪
βһ˵εҲͬǽΪм͸¶εԽֵĲϲ
ţΪʶȸһֵڸоֵõȸϲҡ
⻰ҲãͲϲңҲ뽭޹⡣
ܹ뿪ңǺ¡
̻һ䣺ã߾ߣ
һ룬ûôɴࡣϾţҪޣ黹סĸס֮
ʱ룬ԼҲｭ⻹˸ĸ˰ɣ
ǺŴסҹ黳Τ̫ 


28 
2.8
һ޻һ޻ĸһ˦ʱӶΪһѺͣʣһˡ
ҧӲذ˽ҵޡ
εҲе֣ܰסޣڵһ޻ʱסߵ׹⻤ð
úǸнҵˣǹ˾޻ڽϡ
ޣ·ȡǰסҲֶ
εֲ飬ת뿪ûͱҵѹڵϣȥ̫֮Ĵſڡ
ע㣬¶ɽѳǽ֣ôôֵܡǽ֣ԼҲ˵ôأղס
ҵ˱ķһԱס
ֻǰ˵ţҸɣǧҲãҲãû½ˡ㰡Ͻȥɣ
ȥקֶϵ׹ճ֣һʯ֡
ûȽһ񣬾ͿһƵ꣬һ䣺ǹԹ
ԣֺˡ
΢ˣɲЩ˵Ķ֡
ŵ̴˸ϻéݣȴλͽֵȸֻصҡ
ִһλȸǰϸϸһ֪ԭλΪεȸһլӡ
εլӣصһ䣺ԭʶҼ壬ӼãҵȲ֪Ǻá
εε·ţ𣿡
Ǹո˽ļͣҲ½ĵĸ½Уƭ˵ѽͻؽҡ
½еһܶ࣬Ҫ½񣬻Ҫ񾩵ֵᣬҲ½ķԸ½ϲլԺתδپˡ
תһû֣ȷʵ̫ࡣ
εоСļͣǽ˽ǧסլת֡
ɽѾεεȴһլԺתҡ
ε˵ĺδ͸Һˣһžʽɺã˵Լȥݣлϡ
ȡլԺ˵ݽⷬýᣬΪլԺȸ͡
εεЩ̷ȸŵ
·ϣεвһ䣺ƭ½磡
εµȸչ֪εĽ½УֱӷɵϷһ䣺ҲΪŰ˽֣
ε⻰ص˵˵ʲôôô죿Ҹ˵ֿû˵ô֪ѵһֱڣ
ε̾һң½д˷ѾԴҲ֪½С½ֵܣһ½ҡοʲô½ðլת֡
ֲڣҸҼˣҺθɣ
ƭ½ʦ뿴֪Ϊô㣡
εһҧɲ½ֲǸ˽Լҳʹɷ򣬲Ųô
ο⽭Ǳֹʲô¡
˸̥ȸȥȸţյ·ϣ֮
ݳ֮λɱδѡĿ׵Ρ
˶һ۱֪ǧҪˣ
ͬóµģһʥ·ָ۷⡣
ǧѷĻᣬȵˡĵ˿ףڷҲ⡣
һεϿףһڴϵĽҲѹ
ϵ˲أֻƤЩˡ
ҲӼҵ·Ϸ˽֣ˣǰ
֮ǰͺԼļˣû뵽ᱻ̱ޡ
ֿɵЦһ˾䣺з𣿡
ֻˣһǱȸΧǱ˱ӡ
ڶǰ󱳡
СһЩƲˡס̫֮Ŀջ
ȡ˿ӣ߳Ա𣺡ô
һ䣺֮ǰ˵ˣҪ񾩡ˣ
ֵͷҲҪ񾩣ʥؼҡ
˾ˮʧ飬໥֪һ
δȫֻԣˮͱ˾ˣȻʰ˰
ҲԼ½ݷ飬֪
ýһɻΪνĿ׿ɵݳ
ԭڻƵĳ˼һ롣
ʽ֣ôˣ½أô㣿
ؿ𣬵һ䣺Ͳڽˣڱպúҵ˼
Уʲô½ңҲģ𣿡
ּвɣίصһ䣺Ȼһ㣬ɡ
⻰۽ֱһ˵˵׻½δ򲻶ԣôһأ
̸½Ųǣ½׹ѾȹҺܶˡ
½˵ذ񾩸
֪˹ϵãҲͲ˵Щʲôֻʽֱ۲ۡ
űʹǿ̵һ䣺УС
̰ʥµ֪֣ѡ֮¡
񾩴ѡΪһڶΪսΪս
һҪˡ
ɲţֻܸ˲սֵܿͻᱻˢ¡
Ͼ˫ȭѵ֣񻢻Ⱥأ
Щһ䣺ûһ˴
ͷǧ˱񾩴ѡֻһ˵ֱء
꣬һôѡס
겻֪ӵΪ˵Ľ
ţ̺ʵ˭
ӣⲻԣǵýֺ棬ֱʣ˵˵
Ѿðһ䣺˾ǰνԷپˡ
˵ֽ꣬˽δսŹӵܵĹ£ɫ
꣬Ҳһ˽
ȫ˸ϽҶѵ飬ǿʼҶʱ˲Ǽţ
ͷɥ˶̯ԣҪȥƭһѡ
⼸ղ֪ʸȸţѾ̫֮ȥסʲôլӡ
û˽ң̫֮ҲùһЩ
֮߾Ƕ֪࣬Ǳ֮ˣ佭ֵ֣ܻ
һߣĸ׳ԺˣЩ꣬ҵӶܵ˵ġչˡȻҲ
ǽ˴յһ𣬾ͱ죬Ҳ鲻ѡ
꣬μӸս
Ҳ֪ǲڵùվ̯ǰҲܱѲ
±޹أ̫֮жŹǳ֮¡
ǲ˼̯ǰý˵˵Ůӣмɫ
Ůӿǣܵеļһô̫֮
⻰˵ʵڹ֣
̷صƨ£ҿȾ
Ůӱǧ֮һǳͽ뽭ֵĶҲˣʹ
տǣȻܷŹ
üһ䣺ҪֱҸȥŵķʲôʸѡ
ּţֺ֮Ҳ֪ΪҪ󣬸鹣
⻰Ĵ˹֣˵һΣ
ֱ⽭֮£ֿҲصҪңҪ㣬ģøɱˣ
Լò֮ˣֱ˶֡
Ȼãɸ½ѧУҲӦһ
ɲһҾӵܣҲãҲãϲ㡣
ԸֱǴ´ࡣҲ֣һ⣬˵Щ˻
ǲǽ賤ĺӣܹ衣
Ĵǣôĵӣ֪˭
ֺ໥ţ˭
ʶ
ⷬ˵һ䣺ҿǲǵĴС㣬ǸôңǸҵţ
ǲҪҶѻͷ˭ҸӣǸǹȥ
⻰һ;ͷۡ
˱΢䣬ݺݵغҵҪ˭ҳΪǵĶѣ
һ䣬һŮǰҸң
л˵
õˡһ½޸壡ˣжĺǣʹ͸½ɣ躣ǣܳЦ


29 
2.9
ԴԽ󣬼½㹻
Ůõͣ¡泡
һŮӣϵĺݾȫ˿־壬˵ţ㡭Ҫͬһţ
ŮŲӣվǰü΢ػһ䣺˻
һ̲ססԼò˵仰κ˵ĻҪݡ
ȫŭԣֻսַɡ
뽭ּ׺ǵ˷ŮӡϾǵһάǵˡ
˶ܿ죬ɿǷŮӲ飬һ䣺ûǸӣҶҳ֣
Ůߵǰؿһۣ˵ǲǰ
⻰ıޣָŷŮ˵ޣ㡭ô˰
Ůӻ޷˸ۣصһ䣺Ҳջ
ٴνý̲ס̸˴Ĵָ
޶Խӡ󻹲Ҳֱ֮¡һµޣ˶ۡ
ڽûȥֵĵֻ˶顣
֪ΪҪҽ˵鷳ΪǨŭˡ
˱ǵ˳軵ˣһռŰԵŹֵ۸ˡŶһ˵ԼǲǴС㡣
ʵϣ޲ǲǵĴС㣬Ϊײͣ뿪ǡ
ƽƺԼҲ޷ڵȷʵЩ㡣
޲ںǴСĳƺֻҪòǳԱֻҪҲǵ鷳;ÿġ
ǵĳ𣬸ǧɽˮѽ档
߿޵֮ڶǵΧ۵˶ݡ
ֻнˣһŶŮ̫һŴһ˸߲ҵضſơ
ַһʻޣôڿޣ˲ͺˣ
˽ֵԴһ䣺Ҫˣඪˡ
Ҳͷ԰ڵȣһʲôίһ̨£
ȻӺλŰŮӣȺǵغţôˣ˭۸ˣ
˿λŮӵĻС
һһã
ֻףֻӵѽȷʵ̫áǰŮǲǵĻʦϣβǵӡ
ϼܵί̽Ŀϡ
޴΢΢סϺһСôǲǴС㲻ˣ
һ;˵ɸһ仰Ͱƽǰ飬ˮƣȸ̨£ָ۸֮ӡ
ò˵Ȿ൱ԣʲôεһ̫߳ࡣ
ֶεҵ˻ûôۣһ棬ε۸Ĳ֣ʵڲʹһ棬ڽңռ˼ҺӵӣǷ࣬δûд
ϾڽңǸİˡ
ڽ飬֮áܾǰɴ£Ҳһֱ䷨
ȴͬλл޵ĹǵԸΪǵĶѣڽѾΪѡ
Խ˵ѵĵ˾ĵˣ۸ѣ
Ȼ޻ظǰ񣬵Ҳλɾ޹ءⱾĴСˣֳⷬ
ϸովƼλ꣬ǰďC꣬󲡳ģûϡû뵽һȴ꣬˵𣿡
ֵͬ˵Żһ䣺˼ҲûУ۸ң
ǡõĿ澫Զ٣ǾΪ
ֲԣ˵˵Իʦ˵¼ಢҪҪǽ˽ᡣʮǰʦפ֮ء
մѡĹأǰ޷֮£Ź˫ȡѡʸ񡣡
ֲ룬϶ܿԼˣҲ֮⡣ĺܼ򵥣Ҫ׷ƣŪڵʵ̫򵥲˵ȥʦ״˵Ǵ
ַӶԸҴ壬ոպãϾĿ֮λֵǡȻ䣬ȨԱֻܳ²ߡ
ϣֹŲʪЬˣһˮһ
ڽסְοû£
˽ֵ֮⣬ֱѻʯΪȫ
޼ɫѿĵضŽҲһ䣺ҿȥ֤˵ʵ
ץϵ֣㿴㿴
ҲǱŴģǳЦһ䣺Ҳͬأ
ҲɵصǽҪͱһ𣬿׻˭ˣ
Ͽܵ·ˣҲ˺ϷġѡҪĳ£˴
ܾôˡ
ǿɲʲôè۸ˡ
ѵСһͻȻһ˺ĽʦʦҪĽʦʦôȥ
˵˴ŲǵĽ̷϶ϸＸ֡
һ˽һۣŲϰݵȥ
⼸һߣһǧȻ̫ˡ
һڵõѵ̶Ի޵лλӣ
ʵ̫ϲ𣬾ôĻ̫ءǺ⽭֣ոǷԸϵĻ⡣
Ҳһ䣺֮ͣȻѾ׼ţȥʦȥǼǡ
ѡ֮գȻδӦúܿҪˡ
Ҳ룬׼òϣʹһͬǰ
ֻߵһ룬ͻȻһ䣺ȥ
ϸʵһ䣺ʲô
̵
֪֮£ʵǸʲô
Ҳ˵壬ʵԴ˱̺һЩ仯
ʱĸоԼѾԽΪߵʶŴѡõѡ
ȻؼңҲԼӦվȽŸλؼҡ
֮ǰ˵һж̫򵥣ã½ˡ
λʱڴϣűϵʹ
ҲõԼ̫嶯ûŪ֮£״Ӧ
˵ʵ£Ҳǽһ˷Ծܳɹȡ֮ԭҵ˼ɱ˽֡
Ũҵɱ⣬ҲýԼѾںƽ磬һ;ǵ硣
ڿʼǽ⣬Ǹ֡
ҵ룺ҲûеõƵĴԽ籾ں͵衣С˵У־һʱŬż־˵衣
ϾѾʴӱ½ӦҲǺһҪ֤
ַһҲ뻨޵ֱۣ˵һ䣺ȥ
ʲô

еʱ򣬲òϬݽ½ͬ뵽Ҫѽ½վ̨֮ϣΪѡ佣


30 
3.0
ө㣬ϼ̨֮ϡɫŲ£һˮɴ̨ϵĿסһʺɫȦס
Ŀɽ軨ɫƫ߹ճ͡
λȻǾž޵˽
վڰ񾩵̨֮ϣԸԼʹ½ֵܣѡһѽ͸֡
Ϊ½ʳסе½нΣᱡЯҲʺϴѡá
һԵ½⻰Ű۵ֲͰͨľУýҲ˷ѣ
½һ˴˻üͷһСɽŤ½ĵĶ˵˵ʲôǿδپˣ̬ȣ
½վ̨֮ϣ½ֵһţʵڲǹϵãǲá
˵Ľ鶼ʵãǲμӴѡȻҪѡһѺý
½ƣָⷢ΢΢ӫ⻭һͼƣͼ̼ʧֻһѷɫâĳǰ
ǰѳ滭űԷͼƣĳ֮ϣ滹кۼǵ½ÿʱõĽ
ѽһ½ֵܵĿ⣬½ģѽ˫۶⣬ûͱ½֡
½оѽ֣ǲ̫Сãɻصĺ
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Сʦøɷˣ
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ЦЦ治ʵĴԡ
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һ䣺أ
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ſڳ£Ҽ̸ϳ
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Լ壬Ѿʸȸţǧ֮
ƽҲһЩͨǰˡ½ĵˣҲûĽ֮ġ
üһ䣺Ѿҡ
½һֵǲỹޣɣ
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½һЦȸŴ͵ģ
½һΪβšѹסŭһ䣺֪֮˻ʲô
̵һ䣺ʹô֪ˡ
½ȴǲεεε
һ뵽ȸŴȻ쳹ǧ磬οһ䣺ԭλҲ֪ʹ
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ſҪը½ģæ½㱨Ͻ
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½һܳסҪǸϽҵɾ˽ޣֵ̫֮طҲ֪Σ
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½в̫ͬ£Ͼȸ֮ϻһεŽӻҪ
ȸ֮Ҫӳ飬֪εε⣬εоµֻȸԱԷЩʲô
½ûô뷨̵ѵôˣôУӦúúøһѵȸ֪ǵǾȻô۸ǱԷپˣ
½вͬ;Լ̫ܵçײȰ½ģȴˮе½һ˵Ŷ½ģ
½һ⻰;òá
Ȼһ룬ȸŷʱֻһѺɫĳƶ׹䡣
ػǧһǧȸžͱһѺɫĳͬˮ㣬ѳĶΡ
šű٣мȱסɫţҲڵڶɷĩ
ǵӲû˵ֺ
ⷬٶֱӾ񾩡
½Ŀȸŷĺ쳹ʡ
½Ҳһȸţȴţپˣ
ȸűһ̴ǧּ̼ۻ۵Ľ֣Ҳȸűٵŵ
ǰԸһٰҵĵңΪţֱӰѼ۸дһһ
ֵϣû⣬һһܡ
ҲܵҵȻѺ鷳ֱӳš
뻨ҲɵԭأȸŵĶϱڲԫһһ׹Ԩ
˳ٵĿȫǵȸţһ䣺Թԣ˭Ľ
䣬һϤĺ֣
ǺŴĺɽԶ䡶ѩܽɽ


31 
3.1
ͭ׷㡢ɺ衣ԪϦůڣҲŮӲУ桢һϳ
ǺĹڰ񾩵Ļ֮ԡ̨»ǰĹ
ڰɺ׼ɫҴңУһĨīɫķϡ
Ҳ⣬ϣʱĴ࣬Լǽʥ˵ٽ
أ
ǣΪӦĵٶǧȤ£ʵǵòʧ
ְֵӣʥͷۡںһλø٣Ի쳼ɳǣһֱǺĺð֡
Ϊ˹ڹŰ࣬һͰЩ֮ȫУҲЩûаںƣûбѹȹڡ
ֻӽɺףһξΪ쳼Ӳ䣬Ūë
쳼࣬һ䣺ȸˣ
쳼̹»أؽܿҪֱӻȸš
ǧֵòɿ˭Ƶţ
Ц˭ƵģȻۼұСʦඡ
ǵҲýɫûȥ
бͷ­쳼أɫڰڣĶûȥȸεڸۡԼҵεоʹ
ⲻε޵ľٶɲһ˵׻ŵ˵Ů࣬ӲǱǸµȫ塣
ۣ»ϣӨӨ֮⡣촽һ䣺Ǿ˵Сʦȸŵ鷳ȸŵСʦܣҵĲᡣ
쳼һ˺֮⣬־˽ʵڲȸŵҲûҪֱӻǧĴŰɣ
ȸֺȸŶĿܣͱǧһ
̵ˣ˽ʵ̫嶯ˣ¹ţʢʵиְ֮
ʥ˽ضܵط
һһֻ۵Цһ䣺ҪҪҴģҶСʦܲܵȸŹԹ񡣡
쳼һüʣˣγԣȸŵŭ˽Ҳûǧȸš˽һ٣ԭҲռ˵ˡ
΢ǵĵĻǶһԴſԲ͵ź㡣ǿûЦݡ
쳼Ļɣ̵һܡ
̾˿һ䣺һʹֲ֪Ҫǿ޶ٻɡˣ㵽״򲻴ģ
쳼֪ӣȻԸġǾ˽Ҫù
ã̲ס֪Ϊƶģ
һ̴֣϶ɫأվڵ̺ϵһ䣺˾ȥһֻˡ
쳼˺ĺҲ⣬һ䣺ˣΪƶ
ãڵ̺ϣ׽ɫĳءòʶϳˣĶţ˫
Ҫһ˫տ֮ͫͬˡ
ЦŻ쳼֪Сʦһϱ𣿡
ԪϦͷԵ쳼ԼԼҽĵ˽ʲôʱ˸ϱ
쳼һǧССĽҲͷԵˡ
ڲ²⣬˭ô󣬸һȸţȻҲ˲µǰ񾩵˽Щ˽ΪҪȸţ
ʤ²Ͳ׺ǧӱҡ
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ǰһѱסţ½ôˣ½Ĳ˵Ҫذְеæ𣿡
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ܵǽֵƣɼϲõЦݣ̴⼸ĵѳ
ּ½ͷ㶣ЦļôˣǲǺҰ
½ֵƽǰ㣬֪鲻̳ʵػһ䣺ţ㣬أ
⻰ʵ⣬ǡߺ˽ֵ
ԼĹöڴ˿С˼Ҳᱻ½֡
ϻţǵȻˣ
ȴ˰ҩøƽ
⼸Ǿ˴Խߵʱ⡣˵ԼεĶԴ뽭˵һֱû
ָ飬ʲôҲãʲôҲ벻ס
Ҳ֪ǲǳᣬ½Ҳ֪ȥѰֻܼ½һ
ò˵ڽֵǱʶֻҪ½۷ʲô飬ú¡
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˾վԭأһЦ𡢻޵Ŵ۾Žʱֲˡ
˵űǸҫ֮ģ½ܸʶ
ʶ˺׼һƼ½ıԷͼƣ֪˷ͬһ㡣
ּ½ʶ½ҲһЩģ˵½԰񾩣ǰ񾩵ʦʱѾȫ׿ɼһֻ֪ѡϢ
ĸˣûþϤһֵܡ½ҲЩʣ˺ûӴͬˡ
СʳȺʮΪ񾩴ѡ񻰺󣬸ûжͬˣཻ֮
ͬ˶൱񻰣ǰ½ֵܣǰƽʱҲǾΪ࣬ӲЦ
һȶ࣬Ϳʼ˵޳˳һ룬ֺͺָŽֺ½ţǵô׵İ
Ͼ½֮Ĳ࣬ʵ̫
½ҧ½ָеĲˣ룬һ䣺˯һ
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һֺͻ޳ĸ˳ֱ֣ƹݴȲŸԻط
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˽ּΣǰνӻޣûΪޱˣ
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ң½Լһһ̫֮Ϧղ衣
½Ɑˮ͸֡
ֿ˿ʲô
½ң
һΪ½Ҫȥ䵱塣
̻½˵ţôУһͺҪοֶٰң
½һ½ƽҲ֪ЩҸĴ½ˡ
Ҫ֪½˵ԼҪȥ̫֮ҽ֣صظϻذһöֵǵ½
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½жˣһҪúøɣӶֲϴԼʧҲδǰһѣ
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ڣ½Ҳϲζ
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С糡
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½еӽദôûиѽ
½ͦõģָ˳ԵģȵģģǸˣ´αʲôˣ˵ֲֵǮ䵱Ҳòٰң´θװЩǬɣ
½У


32 ޣ
3.2
ǹ貣ө㡣Ĺת¾ӨԵݵϵǻ
ֵСԱԷ޵оȡеǻ֮⣬ȼɫĻ棬֮
ǧڣ˽֪֮֮֮Ǿ֮ͨ˵ز޷޵أ˱ǧӡŵľڣ˼ˡ
˵Ҳ˼ʺ½ô˵Щǻ
ǵطֲڵǻԣһ̧ͷһɫ㻮ʣ֪˽̷һѸڵϵө档
өƬɹʣ볾ǹڣε˿ڽֵߡ
׽ͣڱǼө棬ʹͳһөҲ
½ˣ΢΢¶ЦݣŽݵ֮ϣ̱ǻΧּЩˮĸƯĵһ䣺ʲôֿɰģ
Щ˻˿佱ǣҲΧߣǵͷŽ֣յߡ
½Щǻֲ˵أҲûЩ顣
ֱӽֵѣһַЦ͸ڣƴطŹ⣬ý۾ۡ
۾֪Ǻʱ½һ䣺ˣҪЩ£ȥһԻ
һŶ½Χм䣬΢Ļ⡣
־ȤɫĻ棬ֲ֣Щ
½ʲôطôôȤ
½Ĳ续Щǻҫ£Ǵˮī߳ˡ
Ľëѻתʱ̲סֳմģЦ
ʳָ㽭ֵüģһ䣺֮֮ЩСǻǧҲȤ
ϾЩһյܻǧĸۡǹΣգҲᱻȹڱԷ
ֱ½üģ̻ջ̲סЩ̣طⳡ½ýֵĹá
ԼǲǵಡԽԽ졣½֮ľ룬й©Լ˼
½⣬Щ۵Сɻ󣬵Ҵˣ
ҡҡͷֵСӣ˿˿΢ľȣûûУеȣ
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ִʱɲ½κνӴִֵ˵ţˣѽȸ££
Ҫ̹׵ˣɲΪ½ɫͱԵߵ¶
ﲻϵظԼŬĹģѹ
ѧϴκӽĿھŻ֮֮飬֮Դ
ڡϣ̳һ˸ߵԲȦŻصĴţ½̽ڡ
½û뵽ܻô󷨣ѹҪһȫ֮ءͷֻڷգ־ô˸Ȥ
֪½ڿⲻŤͷƿŻĴţͺţӣˣ
ڳüĺӣĻϲ½ֱӽŵë߶ţꡭôˣ
½һ֪ʮػߣҲͨϲˡֿɲЩ½һ䣺½ǺӣػߣӣҸ˵½
˳ƺ̰ڳ˵ģһ䣺ţȻǽֵδ??ѣԱ㡣ĶȨޣɴŻ
֣л˵
־ܾĻᣬβܡ½ҲǵһμŻʮ飬̾ͱ鼮
֪Լ򲻹½ıֵһԣصһ䣺ꡭ겻ɷҲܴΣհ
ɷ֣һĹģֱԣ˵˵ʲôأʲôɷҸûأԣҴȥˡ֮ܶ˵
ҴǸ㿴㲻Ҫҵһ˼̳ʮ㿴ʲʺϣ
οҲ׼½̹ҵط͵
һ̷ԵввУῴǲˡǧĴɣĻᱻģ
Ҳ֪µԣ½ǲͬǧһѣҲҪѡȻԸƭ
οֻŽԼ˼ôʱΪ׵
˺ӵȰ˵վ½ǰһ䣺½ҡл˵
½飬תŽ֣ýЩࡣ
Ļ߹˼飬Ҳû³һ֣½ȿڵ˾䣺ãҲлҪ˵
½ָⷢӨӨ֮⣬һͼƣͼʧһѷɫâĳ½ߡ
½Ž͵ߣ뽫ĺ͸֡Ȼ׽޷˽ĺĻ֮㹻ִ˴δѡ
ȴüָ½ϵĽһ䣺ⲻĺɣ
½һЩϲϾԼİ֮
󷽵ĳϣǣ뽫˽͸㣬Ȼʱܰγ
˻δ꣬־ʹ½Ļʹĵ½ļһ䣺˶ٰң
½һĲ⡣
̵һǧ
½ҡҡͷǸͣýǮ
һΪ½ֹôǮļĺԼǬгһѷĺǱˡѽǼÿطһһѡ
Ȼһǧ
½һʱ׽ֿ֮⣬̵⡭ģ
һ;½δ֪˼ն
˶֪ĺ˽֮˱Է֮ͣô򵽣
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У
Ǻ
½һͷˮĺɽȫһ䣺뿴ֱ㿴㰡϶Ǳƭˣ㿴ѽʻвۣǰѴƷʲôʱģȥ˲֪ü
½⻰ȫ֪˵ʲôϵĽݸֲǣݸҲǡ
ƽĺӸ½Χһ䣺ʿ˽սµĺۼ
½һ̵԰ⱾǴս֮ˣ
ɽָţָŽҲǸ߷£Ǽٵģͷ¼ٻǻǺõģ
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һǽԼŵ̰νӭͨɽĺĶ֣̱ĺϡ
½ĺҪ˽֣ǰȥƷָϽ־ͻһסĺ
½״Ǳִ˾ջĺ
ֿ˿Լĵͷĺָ½ĸ߷ĺһ䣺߷µǺã½ģҲȥһѣ
⻰һĺν½סĺ
оúЦһ䣺ҪˣѲͺˣԭ޷γ˽ĺܰγ
ֻǵʱѽҲ֪᲻˽֡ϻ׹ӦҲûʲô¡
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һϣͽԼҪ̹֮ǡ֧Żصʱޣʱ־ĺ֮£۵ֻϽ뿪˴
Ҳֵ֪ʱôģͻȻ֮ǰ֮£½һ䣺֮ǰôȸű֮𣿡
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˷ܵصһ䣺׻ţ
Ͼ׻ȸſͷ
Ű׻ſ϶֣ǡƽ⡱Żֱӽ͵׻Ÿۡϡ
һϷ׻̵֣ɴۡ
½˿²֮ŽϾӡ˾ôһţĴžͱ߽һֺˡ
λ֮߸ŵĳʹһ䣺ϲҦȸű٣ʵǴģ
Ҧ˻ãʣȸô˽ˣ
ǳʹ̻أҲʹ鵽һЩǶǻۣһͿȸŵ˽
Ҧƽ˷лüȩ̈һ䣺ȻȻķˣҪȥ̵ۣڣ
ò˵˽ͲĻǳúܡػǧȸţǵȸȥ
ֶθһʼȥ£ҲǸŮļһͷڻҲǴ»СС»ޡ
ⷬȺֺţҪ취
ȻֶΣ
Ҧߺһڲ裬鵽ʲôˣ
ǳʹĵصһ䣺鵽˽һλδˣ
Ҧüʣأ
ʹ̵ʱ֪ǺˣѲ鴦ںδСĻȸǵλԲǵ˽ŭ
˵Ҫڹϣλδˣȸ뱱Է²ҪԹ
Ҧ߲һ䣺мգ
һߣҦҦˣǼҰ׻űˣ
ĺί˵
׻ţί˵


33 ޣ
3.3
»ϣ ǹת
̨֮ϣӰɳӰ㴣̨ǰһɫ԰ףһɫﶼţپǷ𣿡
ǰһɫ԰׵½УΪȸűһµǵͷˡųŲʵ˵ǽ
֪Լ½پ˾ٲȸţҲ֮⡣ڰ׻Ҳ˴󶴡
Ǻ⣿ƽ˼ϸͨ͸ǰ˼⡣
һ½ҲڰգԼΪɶҪӢۣ¿ɺˣӷȴ
ʥߥ֮οһȸſ˵³ڶȰ׻ôҲԼپˡ
ֵܶ̾һʲ֪ںδԼپΪİ㣿
ӶƻǧĴš
ֵһӵ׻űƵϢ͸ϵ̨ȴ½ɵһϣǲӰֻܿ̾Ž顣
Ҳ˵̾Ϣ̫ǵŭ޴йεŽһ䣺ǫ̂ʲô
½һȫ֪εŽǺʱ˴ŵܵ½εŽϢŭֻܵǱ񾩵ҹɫһʱʱ
εſɲǵĹڵˣǿ͸λе
˵ĸǹģƽӣԽ˵˵˹Ϊû֪ǵĹϷ𣿡
½ס˵½Уٴһ䣺֪ΪŭСкβָ֮
ϬֱӽƤ߻εŽ¡֪εΪȻҲεŴʱΪѡ
Ϊ׻Ҳƣεſɽô˽˽Ļ˵
ϧ½оǴգεᣬ޻˵
ε˻ߵṴ̊ν½ĴʱѹõıҲͷţҲγ
˫һ֮ʱҡƹͷ羰ĺ㣬쳼̨Уһ䣺û뵽ʧ֮ˣڶࡣ
½м㵽̰Щһ۲֪ص½ģ½ĺúӣִ½پ
񣬵һ䣺񡣡
Ҳ½ֵܵˣ֪£ҡεһ䣺εŽôˣҲʧߣ
ε֪˵ĹϵȻ֪Ǵһӳʦֵܣ̷̵˯ŵĸ˽ɣһţӢ۱ǧƹȸ׻š˽һţȻӢšǽʥĺͽܣ¶Ҫʥǰúÿһɣ
ֻὣʥ֣ѽʥһšɺǵ˵˵ʦ˼Ҷο
ӣָ쳼һ䣺츱ٻҴģ˵⺢ӻ᲻ᵹùԼһˡ㿴ɫˣεŽҪҪҲҴģ
εһʲô
ӣƯü䣬һ䣺Ͷ⺢ӻ᲻ΪţͶ˽λӣ
šεŷŭָź㣺ããȺһǱΪ飬ȥʥ
һ䣬ĹĵشŸپ뿪
½мǺǣɺҲŭεŽʥ֪£Լپ˵ᶪ˽֮λ̵лҼپ
ͷصһ䣺˵˵ֻҪʦԸϱҡʲô˵
Ӷ쳼½ֵܵһ䣺Ǿͱ̨ˣһͬȥʥô󶯾ʥʥʦˣ
֪ͬµ½̯ǰŽָĴţ档㣬лζء
ʵڲ̫ʺ
½СڱԷ޳ٹȶꡣҲδڡ
ֵǺϲԣѵֿζʳζٴ̼ףȫɫһͺܹ񫡣
ǧһֱϰߡĹʳ½ӵôԣϲ𣿡
½ӣҧ˰ھͱʳȰˡҡҡͷ
ʵϾΪˣһչأ겻ʳ
˸ոջڰ׻ķ֮ϣѻص̫֮
⵱Ȼ½ǰȸţֽ׻ֱӴһ󶴣·ӡڰ׻ϵĳ档
µĻӡֱӽ׻ŵĽϡ
׻űƣ׻Ÿ̴ۡҡ½ͳҴ뿪˶ǵһ£ǽŰ˷ܣһ׻žʹЦ
Цû䣬½;үүʦʦѳءĬظڽ̯ǰȲżԼҪ֮£λס֣ʥ֪
¿ӣָⷺڽֶߵ׹Сֲܱ֤֮ᱻ׻šȸŵ˴š
־׻⣬ŷԼ̹֮¡ϧ˵˶ӣֻܵһλᣬٸ֪½
֮⣬ֻ˸µ飬һ֣ͱΪǴΪЧӦ
͵һָڹ½ԼĶ½Щֵĸ顣
ȻֵĸҲ˵壬벻͸
½ʶ࣬Լеһжչָ½½˽
ֵУӦýʲôأ
ֵʵڲѿ֦Ĵ⣬ҲԼ顣
ɵĴȶҲԷǸã
в˼ϼ룬´˿Ҳ֪һղ⣬˼ֻ֮ͣܰ϶ΪԼĴ
ںǰ꣬Լ½ʲôĹ뷨
ԼϵϴԣʾԼ̫ࡣһ½ʧǰ־ɥоϯǡ
½뿪ǰԼǿ˽֣һ䣺ңҵҼգҺܿ㡣
һ䣬½ʧڽǰֵĻû
һξ뿪̫֮˳ֱʥ
˲٣˰񾩵ʥ⣬ȸš׻ŵҲУ̥
ʮ˫۾½ϣҲš벽ϻϮԷɾδĴү
ʥī񣬵һ䣺֪ʥҹкҪ£
īʥм䣬üĿصһ䣺˿֪ǧȸš׻֮£
ʥʵĺܼ򵥣м䶼塣Ҳ֪ȴǱ½٣½Ľ͡
ֻҪͺҲһֻ۱һֻۡ
Ͼ½⺢ӵλ̵ĳԼߣֱԶԷܹ
϶ܡ
ʥֲǰ񾩵¡
½һڣⳡ־硣
½ȴվ£صһ䣺ȫΪ
⻰
¡ԡʧȥ촩ܵңѡ͵ 촩ҵɼһĲ룬һο촩ʧܺΪ˻ȥߵгϲ¡
Ȿд˴ШӣҪšĳɼնдꡣ


34 
3.4
ˮ峺
Ĺˮ֦ʯɫשͬʵīճһ˿⣬ɹɫ֮ڣº֮С
ǰ㴿ı̣ǰŨҵĺ죬ڴ۵ɫʶԱȣӳˮ֮ϣӰںɫשУ˲֪δ棬δӰ
ˮ٣һ˳˷£ɹ⡣̧ͷĨ𶥹Ϻɫʯשݡ
ݸˮ֮ϣż㣬Ҳᵴˮеˡ
˳һſɲ½ǱˮУű裬ż硣
½źɫݣſ½ֵܣ룬ֱӽȽϺá
ȸš׻ƣҪǽʵûûˡ
½ֵܿڣһ½еǾ䣺پû·Ժ
վʥķ̴ӣü仨绨꣬һһҾƣȼ»ĵһ䣺˽ʥڵڣҵȡ
½ͷ·һڻһڻУۻдź֣֪ġ
ǰԼǺзִ磬ɼ֮ˣ־Լ̫ȸ׻ԼĹʧ״
߽ڣոأʥ⣬㡢εšλڡ
½Ųæиվڴ֮ϣ治ɫصһ䣺֪ʥҹкҪ£
֮ϣҹɫ۵īʥҲǸմӻݴ꺷֮£ذ
һصڣεŻ㱨׻ȸű֮£εϲֵĺ½ֵݼһҲ¶ࡣ
˴½˽һ½δ游ʦʦ¡
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εһһȻ½ǲ
εվһĬĬصȴ½ĻشͷӦԡ
½ϱԷپԴһҷͶ¶ǡ
̧ͷīʥأȫΪ
ûʯ֪Ϸ
īʥɫʵ˽ΪˣΪӦ֪ŵҪԣɷ˴
Ȼǹڼ䣬ǧҲδţȴţ֪
½ͷηػأ֪
īʥһصصһ䣺֪õ
½Ȼͷʥʡϵȴɫ죬εһϲ˵ȴ½Ӧȫɣǻϲ
εȴ½кУоǾʤ֮С
ʥĴʳΪҪô
Ȼ½̵Ļᵽˡ
̳ڵһ䣺˽޹أС˲ãʥˡˡ
ϴʥص½̵޷ȸڵ˽δޣŵ˽ŭ
ȸŵĹʥˡ˽
˵װףÿֶʥ½˽֡Ϊ˽ȸš
ʥ˴˻ʳһ䣺ˣǰ׻ôһ£
ҲǴˣ̵ԼС˵Ķݶ˽˲ϲ֮¡
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ʵصһ䣺ɢ
ǰҦ֮ԣҲֻֿܣŻ˽˰׻š
£Ҫָ˵Ҫǧ
ⷬһ˵ʥ½֪أ̫Ե˽㻹ʲô˵
½Ķߵ׹ȾŵɫĹ⣬ǳ»峺գһ䣺Ҳ֪λԣ²ûδޣҲʶΪȸ׻ţΪ˶ס̽Ӱˡ
ݡϢ֮¸֪ԣǰҲμӽʱͻȻһ֮Ż˷񾩡
ڼ䣬ұڰ׻ȸеĹ̽Ʊ٣֪ʥȲþȴ´ݾߡ˲Żƿȸ׻ţסǧڣʥߡ
˴δѡŻ¥һй֮˻룬ͼӦþĹͼ֮һ֮ͼϢ
һ֮˵֪֮ͼϢԭǩǧƽ֮Լ̻ᱻơһٱǧ磬ӭǵĹȡ
ǧһ˴սڤ磬Ĺڤ˱
Ϊڤ磬ɽĹӡķУѹڹϧڤŹƶˣνǧ磬Ĺͼδ
Ϊ˴ﵽĿģǹǧͽƺ°룬¹ƣͼɢǧͼҰֱ֣꣬ͼٴαӡ
ΣΪ˱һĳ֣ͽͼӡѡ֮ϣзӡ֮˵ΪķݡһݴŻ¥һݴڰ񾩡ݵδҲ֪
ݴ٣ԣΪͼʵڵĹ˵ҪĹͼǿĹǹ
һԱϣʥ̴ǰȥ̽飬ϵ˵ȣɫأֵĺҲЦŭսӡ
Ͼ˭Ҳټսĳ
ⳡʴᣬҲ̴Ӳнȸ׻һ£ʥطεޡ
εǰ½һ䣺˷ģѾ֮˸ϳҲλ֪ߵغε
һߣʥҲεšȥ̽ӣ½һ˶λ
̾һ游ʦʦ
ϣʥʥʥαװһ䣺ţ
ʥΪ游һ۰ӡ½վڴϣ̱һӸ㰡̫ˣŻᱻ۸
ʥ˴˻̲ͬ˼ɣҪͷӺ
ʥҲͷⷬĸӦҲοϾΪϱѻ˵ǿϲɺأľѧ
ﵱΪ˱ҲǴ˼ˣ㵹ãֱǧĴš
˰
½⻰ӡ֪ƭĸ׵ʦ
ʥһ˵꣬ʥ۾ɵͭ㣬һ䣺˵ʲôˣ
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ʥһ䣺Ǹеģ
ʥһӵһ䣺
ʥһýʥ̨ʣֻòصһ䣺˵ĶԣһˣұԷپˣ
½֪ˣ󣬱˿ӡ
ؽ͵үүʦʦ赣ģԭ򡣡
Լ뽭ңҵŮݺɱ֮µλľս
մӴȻδ˵ˣĽԳԼΪ֣Ϊֹǧˣ˵ֵĻ˼䡣
֮ˣԼ
ʥ󣬵һ䣺ݽҿ繴᣿
½ͷǣڽȷʵо֮
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½䣬һߣأ⣡
С糡
ĳޣɪ½˵ˣ㲻δޣ
֣ǾͲ£ұͲǣ
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½
ղʵȨ䡷СɰӦö˰ɣ
šԡȨ䡷
л˵
֮ʽʼϲСɰղؼӸעжĺǣ͸ְɣȻⱾϲ磬Ű


35 ޣ
3.5
ɹڣأĹʥҡȵһ䣺֮ԴӦһд»ֻȨ֮ƣ
ϵĬߵ׹εںһ˿һ䣺ǡҷֽǸͨˣҵĹӦˡ
仰һʥı졣ʥ뽣ʥһʥȴ½⻰ֵȶ
ȣԣ֮ȸ׻ҲΪ۸˽⣬Ϊ֮
ڷףʹֻŵϺשһ䣺ǡ
ʥ׹ҡȻһ䣺Ȼˣΰ񾩴ѡͺ㵣ο٣ΪԸ
ʥʥʥһͬ˭ô죬Ұ쵽ڣ
ʥʥ˹ʥĻҲ׵ȷʵǾɣ
ʥ½Ļ̸ڽվڴϵ½һоʥɰӵ۹ϣýھԲȥҽ֣Ҳٸ
Ϊ˽δһݣѾΣգ֪֮ʮ飬ֲǽⱾˣһὫڹֱ߽նɱ
ֽ½Ľ֡ԽֵлͣȤ֮ϣȤ֮£ûŪ׽Ϸ飬彭˵ȫ½ǾԲ֣Ҳ׵Ľ͵κС
߳ɹһֱȺ½ֵܵһ䣺𣬲ʥǰ֡Уȥ׼ѡˣҺͺ㵣δѡ١
䲻֪½Ըԭ򣬵پĻǻӡ½룬Լ⣬ŻᵼĽ
Ǻϣ½һŵԵŹŮ⽭ãȴӡ
ǧȻ˫Ҳʲôϡ֮£վͳ٣ûļҹҵپǸӡ
ϵ½ȴţӣĿǰҪίּס̫֮پǱŮ˻Ѳ¡һҪǸͶһҪǲȥܽ֡
ôôźѵǻ˵ܹݣ
ӣپ֮ìˣ
½ϵı飬ҲǶôͲʥǰἰأ
˼ͬһñһࡣҹĸĽ֣ڿջϣŽշ顣
һķһУô붼Լǲϲ½
ǳĶ¶֪ҹ˯ţһ½ʱԼ˯Ųʹ½һ˼ԼΪҪ½
˼һ߰죬־ڿջ½Ҳ֪ΪΣ½һֱûý㲡
ʱûκβ
һ߽䣬ͿڰŻ꣬һ߰λһ˵ţĻĲ
⼸ѻ뽫ԼյõϢ֣Ŀġڣýⲡ̬ģĪа
ǰֹּλռʲôѽĪ߻ħˣ
һίصһ䣺˵и˵˻ң߰춼ȥˣңǲǰ֮Լˣ
⻰ǿȻ˽Цŵһ䣺ô½ˬԼˣ˵㣬ȴٳδ
죬ſ滨ľ˵ţ˭˵ˣΪҪһ棡ȥ½ʲôǰһʶʵģ
𵹾ýֿķǣ۾ֻװ½ȴʸڷϡ
ƽǴĵģ֪һѾ޷԰Ρ
˿ø
ֻһҲơԼҪ˵飬һ䣺ʰ飬˵һ£
ֵͷſϵʲô£
ظһ䣺Ҷ鱨ԼϢǸϳҵȺˣ֮ǰǵõȸһȸİסһɾ
֪ǸɾȻ˽ǸȸţŤʵЩҷסô֮ء
⻰һ䣺أ
ʵ˸ϵһ㣬ûʲôֵ֮ط
ֵǸ۸εµסҲΪ˽ŭȴš
˵ľʣ׼ԼȲ衣
ջڵˮԶȣһò裬һ䣺ʲôطǿ֮ΡڰʦȻǺæ㰡ĵæ꣬Ȼ㡣
˴˻һ֣ġţʵҲǺҡҾǲϲˬԼ㲻Ҫ롣
ˮŵҲȶȾͺ£̵ͷۡ
𱻽Цָһ䣺û룬½˰ɣô̵ˮҲҺҺȣɣ
ִʱͷۣһߺˮһߴͷԹʲᡱ㣡
üָǱµĲˮһ䣺ҲûֱӺѽԼ飬ûעô̵ˮ
ʩˮԭðĲˮɱ顣
ֵͷű飬һ䣺ǲϲ½Сˣ
ֵ˼𿴴ûע˵ͷŵһ䣺˷˵
СҲ֪ΪոյˣΪ˼ͨ졣
ֶ񣬾֪Լ¶ˡŽֵļ򣬵һ䣺ʲôѽǱδ
⻰һ𡣿;÷꣬һ䣺ѲֵϦңҲ֪ϲϲң
½ӡ̣Ͼôž޵꣬ҲЩͬе̳֪͵͵½ȹٴΣÿζ½ɲ⡣
Լλֳ½ãλ½꣬һûô򵥡
һϲЩ壬еơԣ½ίʵߡ
ʳĻ֪λشҪ˵½ϧ֣ǿ϶ǰٷְ١ϧҲϲҲ
Խֵ⣬Ĭ
ּĬҲ֪ʶ½˼ģ塢׽
ڱԼǵС˼Ҳ֦һ
ٶȱлҪ죬һ˲Ժֱѿڶһ䣺ѾˣҪ½׷֣
һΪҪϸϳ½̹֧֣ҲһЩϢҪ߽֡
ոհ񾩷¹棬һº̫֮Ĵѡ֮աѵǼǵĶ飬Ҫһɰ񾩵Ĵѡսõ񾩵ʸ顣
սݼ򵥣ҪӮ񾩵Ķʦʲôľ֣ĿǰͲ֪
֮ܶܿʼǼҪһľ֣Ӯʦɡ
⻰˵򵥣ѡʦΪԼĵŶһ䡣ƾšӣҶƣûóĶ
Ӯѣ֮⣬ľֶ鶼֪Ҫŵ¡ǧĲѡ֮ˣӻķſڣ붫ʦһġ
ʸҪһڻãʵϼѡ
ϢʱӻķſѾŶʱսѾŵ̫֮ıԵ
˻һǰ˶顣뽭ȫװʱ׼˴ֵ׼
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ŶϷ飬ܿͽһЩڻͨ޿ϵĽӡһ䣺ôλӣ
ֵͷУѾˣ
˾Ŷӣδܶʦ
ǻ֪λʦǺ½ĵؿźѡ֮˴ġ
ܾãǽﶨȤ


36 Ѹ+ޣ
3.6
ӻ£˳ӻķ
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ͷĺ飬̬ׯͬաԸš
Ϊ׵ĺгһ۽ºɫ룬ƹƵûլ𻰱е¡
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һϣѯʣ̤СǰеĲѡ֮ˣѾԾԾԡ
ĳӣ׶ˡ־վڳм䣬ӻķĹ¡
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ΧֵģЦЩȣƼָɺ׵һ䣺£¡Ҹողǹġ
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˶Խ֣Ǿһ䣺ӣ˾衣λҲ㣬ڽܿ顣
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ֻҪǶԷĶľ֣ԼûģҲӦԷ
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ֽưϣָƵǶԷģƱ׼һܺá
ν½תԺһ䣺ϲˣһϷΪٳδңҾһϷ
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ʱǻ֮ʱ̵£¡ֻˬԼ˽ӵˣ˿֪ҪƣһܻضӣҴΰ
ɲη½ɢĺսֵһ䣺ӣ˵˵ĶԲԣ
⻰
1.ƾ֡ϸܣҲһᣬ̫⡣


37 ޣ
3.7
⣬ݽͨԸһǰǧ
ָػǰĿƣŸЩϵϣϸشǰꡣ
Ͳ½¡û½ֹھµǹɳԪ˻ϲ˫۾ǳ㡣
ǵǵдţͼգŭ֮
ʵڿճ֮ˡŽؽܿƣȫ˽ĵģ˱˼֮
ճһֱǧ̵ĳ⣬֪ж˲žΪʧȥ˳ͷĻᡣ
֪ΪȻճȷʵںܶطб֮ԷپݣͨĽҵճҪ̫ࡣ
ɣѵĻأͼ
ս֣üŽֵļţŶã
ָŽֵָߵ׹ŵֵζҧЩɬζ,øɿڡ
һʼڽУȫûע⵽ĿȫĵͶ뽲УͻȻǻŵһ㡣ƢĻáŤͷЦǴ
һңʣЦʲô
һ͸Ӿʹͷ۵ϡһͷվ
ҡӣСֹһ䣺ɷ羰
һԴĽ֣Ĵ鿴ϵҲ͵Цĵʲôı˭ڹѵǶ
˫Բش۾㣬Էεҡҡͷ֪˰
ҪúѰ,ͻȻµĵذ𶯣ϵҲ𶯶ء
ּɫһģδھͱһ䣺ȼ׹˴񱣻Լ
䣬תֻһڣǿҵĵöġ
̵ȼߵ׹ҲƵ֮ࡣ磬һס۲ŷȻǬ
ƺһɭֲ䡣
ֱӦɽȪˣݺ䣻ٻţֻҰްŭ
ǻŽУųĻųŵóŻ굲סԼ
־ֻҰŭεĻӽֻҰޡոռɫأӦ״֮⡣
ŭɽȪɽȪһͤͤʯϰڷ̡ϵĲоűˮ⡣
ͤڣվһλɫճꡣûֻɽȪС
վڰߣָⷢɫĹâҲ˵أһ䣺ôˣ˵Σա
ֵȫǸոհýˣ̬ʣýָоЩϤ
㶣ֵ⣬ոǸôÿ𣿡
Ż񣬿ָֻԭ״һĹģڵʲôÿÿ̬˽ǲҪЦˣ
бһԱߵ̣ǲɣ
е㲻ţѾ϶ʱںӵİ£ѧϰ˲󷨹żƲϴʦƾű󷨵츳ҲСɡ
㵹Щ죬û뵽ֻܿ˵󷨡ĵܱ֮˿ͻȻһϧĲ֮⡣
ʱڣ˼ֵ٩һ䣺㾹Ȼˡ
Щ⣬վ֮Եһ䣺һֱʲô󷨣ܲǬϢҿЩ輿ɺףǲ󡣿ǲһ㶼׶֮ޣû뵽÷
ջָ⣬ȷʵѹһֻԡ
½˲´ɲȫΪ˰񾩴ѡǲҿǱǧͼƻ񾩵Ĺ塣
½ڰ񾩴ϵһϯʥо̬ԡʥҲλȷʵй񾩴ѡǱǧǵĿҲ֪ɹ֮Ĳٵǧ
Ϊ˲ݾߣѾǧڷӡڲ
ֻѹӻµĺԣҲ֪ΪλǧӡձҺ½̽˵أֺ죬òѹסԡ
ǻɣ˴ιѡųԣǧ˲ŽѡѡѹԵӻ£һá
ϾԳԹ磬ϲй֮ˣضס
ԿľԻǵһα
㿴һ̱ߵĽ֣ЩɡоɽȪд½ΣԸס̣κ֪ͨˡ
ûǹܲ󷨣Ҳ½ɽȪС
ɽȪˮƽּ˶ɽȪУ ոҰ޿϶ɽȪ֮£ֹһ䣺Ұ޲Ƕ˰ɣ
̵ʯϣŵȻҰðҪӦԣٲոһһɽȪС
ɽȪˮƽɢýָе̹ǵĺ䡣ʱϵĺɫͻȻƶܵɽˮͬʪĻɫһԴƽɽȪˮŭ죬ӻһ
Եˣžʯͤͤڽּ״лţʶӦ˺Ҫס̣Ȼκ
ʵϣͿ̱ǲۡӱûȡӣ
ʯײͤһСʯʯķɣһŻƽֵüβ
治ɫ۾ضԸźӣ̧ͷĻᶼûУȫûע⵽ǴŰɫ꣬ռգӰ½
˾͸ͤһǰһ˸ڿС
ڿе½֮ǰһͬƻĺ԰һȻɽȪѽ۴ˣúԳ÷ӡ˥ɽȪˮΡ
һߣˮƺĺҲھȫɫǰɽȪСͤڣֲһŰӣڽĲ롣
뽭޼½ϽֵĲѹסҵĺԡվ֮࣬ɣΪӪ
ϵĺ𽥱ӻǲºӴܡн޸Ҳоȥˮеķӡ
Ž֣һ½½סԡ
ĺΪ޸ɽеɢ½Ķ֡
ҲںһУս֡
ͤһ½ѹƺԣûƽȪˮ£ˮС
һֱԽֱ֣ʧˮ档ʵʼնûϳ½һֱڸոյɱС
һᣬ޸÷ӡĺֳͤУʱҲҡӣߵĽҲ̫˰ɣ
ոǿ̣ߴһһ̣ͻᱻͻƣ롣û뵽ֻᱻơ㿴۽ָȪˮ̾ţɣ˵ոǸµĽͣҲ̫˧˰ɣ˭
һЦ׼ڸ֪ࡣ½վڽöߵ׹⣬뽭ֶߵĶ׹Ӧ
״½ȴ½ź飬档
ҡҡͷԼǲҪһ٣Ӻһ뽫˴Ƕˡ
ּҡͷǺһŵصһ䣺ҲʣҲˣǶľʲôǿʼ
һЦ½̧°͵ػأԶԶԣڿɲߵʱ򡣶ľְھͿʼ
½״˰ۣһԵĽߣӣ˷ܵصͷ
ʱȲԵڣһŵĳ
ͷɥĽֿƣ˵صһ䣺ҡˣ
Цƣһ䣺ǰˣ


38 
3.8
ӻ䡣
ׯϵ⣬֮ɲβˣֻܿһյյƯڿеƣ΢ĹŶ顣
Щӻ֮ɮ˽ÿ飬ֻƱ֮ӲſɽڡЩѡ֮˼ҪסҪ˵ĵյæýͷö
СпЩཱུСصһ䣺֪νӷ𡣡
Աߴľľġ
һվһȲ֮ңҲ֮·һһݶ޹ء
о΢أ͵۾һ䣺ޱߡ
См̴ָоɫġeгסӻ¡
˷ӦһҵԵΣڴܳײвµķ󣬼һײ֮ӻ¶Ϊ֮һ
Сﻹžģ˫Ѫ֮Ĳѡ֮˺˼ֵӻŵôʧɫ
еС֮ˣֱȡɽ뿪ŴӲӳٴξۼɺԣŭ
޺ʵ֮ǿɲСǺۼɵצ֮ӻµϿձܲХ
гָ̧ŷ飬һ䣺ӷ𡣡
צϿյ֮һצͽеĴƻŵؾУ˺ѳƬ
Իһţ뿪ӻ¡УסǸСУ¶Цݡ
ſ죬һҧССепѪţ졭ܡ
СоЬףҲġӻĲѡҲΪ˾սľߣὣСС
Ѹ֮ͣμײСУǧһ֮ʣӻȫСߣôСе
Ƶ壬кԱ屻⣬˲ΣɢڿС
ʮ⣬źٵ¹ɢųŪҡ£
վںڰе˵ţͷԽ޽ɱӲ
ٹֲһңЩ£ȫкڰǱ׼ôˣ
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䣬ڰе˾ʧڷڣֻºٹӲŪңȫջغС
ӻ£һ䣺ϷҪǳˣ⡣
ʱĽ˼֮УʼղףΪʲôԴ飬һһˡ
ŵطƣϵظ̣оԼոеĴ󡣿ÿһƶû⡣
ֻһԭǾ
̧ͷĺкᣬһ䣺ܲٸһλᣬ
żλˣǿźӣЩӤʵСĸ黳̷ģﶼ˵ţǰǰٸһλɣ
Եڣɳ©һһ䣺УǶᣬǶ˲ˣڹ
ɤӣ˵˾䣺⡭
־վһ䣺ǡҲҵʱ䣬ԣӡԵʱ䣬ҿʱڰɣ
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㻹ǰ˽ģʱһһԵ½ɤӣţԲǰ
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˫ֺʮͣģ˰ֺõĳǵúסǡ
ûȽ׼ʹȴ󷨣ƨɡԴܵһκ鹥
վһԵ½ɫӡ硱˼ҡʿʼͳ׺ڳɹףĺûͣЪ
ôûֺ磬װ
ҵڣҲϣϡеö࣬һſźýֱԣҪˣҪˣ˾ˡ죬ְͣɣ
ʱ½֣ͣǵһμԼλ󡢻褵ҵ䷶˽
һίⶫ˵ΪøĸģһſžӨ͸ˣж˷ѡ
ģһԲޣԲԼŬôãԲ½˵һףһμĻᡣ
ģһ䣺⣬
վͷϵƣԼǳʦδһصĴŶṳ̂롣ѹֺӻᳰЦʵʡ
վԭأţӣҵİ취ˡ
ߴ񾩵ķӣǱߺһ䣺ˣ
һѹꡰˣ仰˶
״εţңǸ㣬ǣΪʲô

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һɫ뱦ʯһ䣺ҺϲĿƣϣѡ˴δѡһ**񾩣ңд衣
ֵͷǻϲͻȻ뽫Ϣ֪½ϧ½Ѿδ֡
ڳǰ˺һ⣺ʶһ½İʦ𣿡
˻ǿ½ʽ֣ʲô
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ͻޱȽʱǰɫ룬رһš
˳ɹõѡʸ׼úףһ
ѡľƹݣ׼ĺþƣȵ˸ոձľԼ̸ͬ˺ԣ
ԭ뻨Ҳܵ˺Ӱ죬˱ƾš
꽭ֵʮĽ˵㾹Ȼ˶̫˰ɣ
޸պһƣָŽ˵һ䣺԰棡ôôˣ
ȴΪȻε˵ţŲˣΪԼʧȥѡʸ񣡡
һѱס֣㰡ڸв֪ǿһƽĶôܻӮ
˳֣׼ٺһѲͻȻһˣϴŽҼһգһھǣϣȻȾף
˵֮ˣǽҵӽҡָŽ֣ŭֵ֮ܣȻǲȥ״
ӵܺ½ڴ˵ؽִҪʧҲ֪ͻȻʲô飬ͱȸ֮˸˳
ʧȥ˾ס֮أʧȥ˸ӹеϣһ˲ȫʧǵĽΪѡʸûõ
ǻнĶ飬õѡʸ񡣽Ҳ˳Ϊ˽ҵĺġ
˽ҵĻһͷˮһ鷳֮ǰƵܾԼΪ˽⣬Խһ˿֮СڣѾ潭⻹˽ҵĶ飬ʽ뽭һ˽ޡ
ⲻվһ䣺ĶĹ
̰һ䣺ǰֹһ
⻰ô㡭ǲһȺŮǰɣȻ̨Ķ
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վߵƽ޵ľ֮£ֱȡƺҡ
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˿ԼĽЦŽҡոǳϰֹǹƻᱻǴ
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ҰڲǣȴûгɹԽΪһ֤ǿԵģ
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˻ֿͨʼ֣˵ŽԼΪʦĴ־
̫֮ҹө棬Ư̫ϣýֿʼңҲе½
Ժֺһھƣ뿪ޱߵļįġ
Уоסˣغֶ
Ŭۣ˺˾䣺½


39 Ѹ£
3.9
ɹ
˵ĸɫ֦өөĹЩС飬֮أ˥֮ʱǰػߣҲһߡ
ȭСϸС֣ƯڹĶˣҲ֪淢ˣֻ֮ˣš
֮ϣʥüͷεŵĻ㱨һ䣺û뵽˲áŹã̲סɳô̽Ǳǧ
ղŴӻݷذ񾩣֮½֮º󣬾εųǧ
˵֪д̽ӣ
ʥ⣬ÿλʥ߽𣬶ĳг󼰵ĳɾ͡ɵķԸÿһλʥ߸񾩰Σ꣬ڣ
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¡¡ڿĽӱԼ
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⿴ˣ̳ȥס˺ţȾңȾңҸô죿
ס⣬?ͷ˵ţ£Ҿ
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λͷֿǸ˵ı飬˵ţҪҪ뿪ңҪߣʹһɣ
ҡҡͷϽ˫ӵһ䣺⣬ҪѧǿֻһΣһ
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ּͻȻչľŵúϲ£졣һ뻹޺ޣһͿҪԼԵ
ľ飬ýҲͷԡµǣһͷκ󣬽־Ȼ뽭غϡ
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Ҳ֪ǲǾŹȣʵеĽҲŵôӴ
ֱԼںδͿȻԼߣһս
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С糡
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½
ĳޣȿȣȿȣ
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֣
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֣


40 Ѹ£
4.0
ɫɴƮƯڿеĳɫ΢Ĺӳɫյɫ
ϵһȭ򵹰˺󣬷һ̾ҵĹԹԣʲôط
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Ȼ㡣˲Ķţٴεݸʱǰ
ڴϣ˵ЩֵУҲȷԽҲе˼
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֪˺ܶ࣬Ρĺܺڣûнһߡ
⻰ѾԲһޱȹѪľ飬֮ǰǽⱯеһ⡣
ۼǹҰٴξ
ڽҵλ£Ȼʸڴ󲿷ֽˣݣһֱܵϵȺ
⿡Ӧñ⣬ڱҵϵȺϧվ뿪ҡ
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ԲҪڣҡͷ̾Ϣһʵ̫Ѫˣ
ŵϵ֬㣬ӵһ䣺λȲҪ
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Ͽ͵ıͼ䣿
¼ǵԼ̫Ϻ˾ƣһˣȻͲǵú淢顣
˿Լ·ûб˶ĺۼʵ˵ڷ⿴ңҾͿһˣ
ͷǰѵǽ˸㣬
˵뿪˽ң㣬͸Ϊԭңҡû뵽
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42 
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44 
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ζʵҲǵһμͨħԹͻȻĳѣǸֵŮ˵һ䣬ħԹԵĲˣġ
ζħԹѽֻ˳
ͬʱͨڤԨĵ·ϣһȺ񾩵ʦ
Ϊ׵ʦһ޺죬Ǹо˵йŻæϵ˴
û뵽ῴĲҰ
ڤϣɫ˫βŮ˫ʧֻĺڶ
ɫɾεվϤǰŮнסһƿҩŨҵӿ
εŵҩƿó񾩳õָɳ
ɰʯʾҩƿԭ˵֡
ɫɾһעɰʯɰʯƶɰʯ֣дţ⡣


46 Ѹ£
4.3£
ҲƲ֮Ҳ롣ֻƹ谵ĺ⣬Щľս
ڰУиܻţ㡭㲻˵ûᴦ⣬Ϊʲôڴѡ
µĺٹӴʱҲǰƵϰɫϣһ˿˿ɫϸ߷ɫĹ⡣
üۣƬ۾뾵İɫϸĵɫĻζ
ϵĽңźһ䣺ǲ̫˵㣬ң
ұٹӵɫԣ˻һʱѣҲøոյĻЩǿӲȡ˸ţϣĿֺڰźٹ˵ô죿Ľѡڶ֣ҪѡҪôϽ
̾һٹɱϵķɶꡣ
ǶѸͣɶδ棬ֱٹӵһˡ
ٹӼЦ̫㣬ԸϹʲô㿴㲻ҧϹˡ
ǧ֮ĴѡϣŹƣܴѡĵڶ֡
ڶִѡ֮Щ룬ȡʸʣµĶ鶼ǵһµǿߡ
ովǳ£ú·;Ӽѡޡһɣ˵ǿɱиӮһմմϲҸǣǴѡĿʼ
⻰˸۱ʾмֲǽʲôˣȻ֪Ӽѡ
ļ˵ţϣʲôӳȻ֪ӼѣҪô
ǿǰѵڶŪ˵ǲǣ
޵ѣͷصһ䣺ţ֪
ϾҲӵˣϢȱοʶѡڶֵ˵
񾩴ѡڶսСۻ÷֡÷ߵʮ֧ߣȻڽָս
ѡڶ֣ÿ궼ǰξͼÿμӵڶֵѡֶξеһݡ
ÿвͬ񼴿ɵõ߷֡
꽭˵Ĳ֣ҡҡͷ˵̫ˣҸǣξͼɲô򵥣
һ޺Ľ֣ξͼĿ½һ
ԭξͼȡμӴѡ֮˵ļ䣬һʵ硣
ȡ˻ʱԼμӴѡݣξͼ
˲ѱȡߣξͼ̱ʧҲɲԼĵõ
֮˻ʧȥѡʸ񣬱ȡҲͬʧȥѡʸ
֮⣬ξͼʱҲ޵ģ޾Ǳȡѵʱ䡣
ȡһͷǼٵ磬ôȡߵĶʤ̭ѡߡ
ȡҲʱţǸĲͬһԼξУʾⳡ
߲ҪעݺԼĽɫͬʱҲҪӿ
˽⵽ڶжѣһԵĻȴΣҪ֪ⳡļ࿼ٿ˽ͺ
˽ĸ̴֣ţ𣿡
ظһ䣺ǵȻҵϢû⣡
̽˵Σ֮Ժȫĵ˽顣
ͬʱɹڣʥ߸ȡһˮŴѡ¡
ʥˮһԣһ䣺ȤȤ
ʥȴһ䣺ҵȤ˵ϲǸӣһǳļǾȤˣ˵ǲǣ
ʥԣüëһĸȤֻʥһֵصһ䣺ʲôʱϲˣô֪
˵һ
ʥеˮصؽ˽ļģŸʥ
ŵĽǶȵ꣬һԼװڵĽʥǵýʥɿ˼ΣҲװȻģһ䣺ŶǸǸʥҲ⺢Σ
ʥ۾ˮЦĽ֣һ䣺̫á
ԼҶϱʥһֹһ䣺ҾòۼԸ̫ءл
ʥ˻üͷһ壬һ䣺Էپˣɲͨߣʧ
ʥһӲ½׵үүıԷ֮ʥĿôޡ
̽ʥϵˮ˸򣬱Žʥһ䣺ҾͦãԱҶ⣡
ʥɹڣΧŽ۲ݣ½㱨ʱʥʥѾֵòɿ
˱Ա˭Ҳ˭
½ⳡֳܣȻ뵱˵ĳͲһ仰Ҳ˵
ҲƳԼʦʥֲ죬Ҳ봥ùͷҲڡ
˰شɹֱεɫҴҵ˵ڰյһ䣺λʥεҪ»㱨


47 Ѹ£
4.4ϣ
ɫű۵ȸƣһ˫۾Ƿ飬֮飬ˮ֮ɫɫҲֻһˡɫεš
վڴϣһ˸еɫޱߡʥʥεǲɫ
һ䣺£
εȡӰݸڵȡ¯Ӱ¯С
ӰȼһƣڤĲչ¶ʥǰ
ļ¼εʹָɰĳɰʯƴճʱʥҲһ
ʥˣһ䣺ֱʣ񾩹֮ܵϣǻҶ֡
ֱǷڤ˺Լ𣿡
ʥԣҡͷڤڲ۸ӣһڤ٣ҾôǧӦòڤɳˡ
ֶ˲̣ҪҪɢ
εˣҲһŭֻȸ꣬ͱôɱ
£˷ʥҪҽ¸֪ʥ׽ý⣡
½һս֣á΢΢ҡͷʾ԰ꡣ
εŻڻ㱨Ź̽ӵϢʥһԾˮһ䣺˿εˣ
εŵͷأǣ̫֮˿
ʥˣüͷޱ½ʥ˵飬Щס
Լôϲһ̽ӡ
ڣǾȥɱ˰ɣ
ʥҲ룬κֻҪв񾩰Σñɱ
ֻйʥһ䣺
εˣΪʥҪ̣صΪʥѵǱԷپˣ͸ң⣿
ʥеˮʧУһ䣺ҲҲǲǱԷپ˻δ֪֮¡
οֵѡóȻץ˼Ȼƻѡֻݾߡ񾩵̽Ӧòֹһɣ
εű´ѹ½ñȸֱ֮ʥµ޻˵
ڵϣһ䣺ʥ˼ǷŹ⣿
ʥҡͷַˮһ䣺ȻܷŹֻʱȱɱų߲ܵ㡣
ѹʮǹ̽ӣôʮһɢ¾ͷεŽˡ
ʥԱϣˮͻޡĽ֣һϧ
ӿǻˡ
һ֪ĽֻڵȴŴѡڶĿʼ𡢻ãһξͼ͵ߴ԰š
ֻڰŵѡϳ˷磬۵ࡣ
ѡ֮Ҳ̸Ӧ֮ߣЩϿ֡
Ӧ֮ʱ֣һȺɫεȸһλŮĽȸ
ڣƺƵȥҪȥսɳǰ㡣
ѡ֮˷׷̧ͷ֮׵ƣ̾Ϲ֪λǰ񾩶Ľɫ
λ̫δ䣬ȸѡ֮Χס
ȸңȵ¶ȿôѡ߻ðЩߣֱӾεڴѡء
εŲȸһ䣺ڣ
˽̧֣ͷԶʵĳɫһǡ
ԴӴԽһС⡱֣ͷʲô¡
ԣҲס֣ҪӦ
εż˸ӦЦһȡָɰɰʯ״ֱָ֡
ɰʯγɵһ㣬Ȧڽֵ䡣
޼״ãָɰѣǧס
ҲְｭֻɰɰʯγɵϸԽԽ
εſָɰץסˣ˻֣һȸǰȥ׽ý֡
ֲ֪Լ£˫ֱҲϸקڵء
ǰֹȸȸһͬǰĻа񾩵ʦ
ʦŽ·Ż޵һ䣺ȸʦ
ԣвңԲˡһ䣺ңֻǲ֪£м϶ᣡ
ǸЦһøƿ޵һ䣺ʥö׽á⣬޿⡣
һ˻ί޴˵ô޿⡣
ùľ
ǹԹ֮ڣǵýǬеĵ죬ȽַӦþͱĳǬƳɵֱӸָɰγɵϸߡ
ּԼ⿪һ֡һ룬ֵþͶųɫĽԵһɱڵӡ
Ӱתǧأÿһдڵˡ
״׳˵ЯסһУ㵽һʯ֮
ŸڿеãŽ֣Ǹʲôô޲Ĵ˰
ִʱпԣҲ֪õ¡l͸Ҫţ˵ľƳɵã
ڵãǻҪ
ǲǻˣȻԶ֣޲𹥻
ܱ֮ڶּ࣬ˣھ˷еĴˣһѱסǰֵã


48 Ѹ£
4.4£
ǧԴ̬ȣһɴɱǧҲԷŹһ
꣬ǿʮǧ磬ͼ̤ƽݡ
ǧΣڵϦʱʦȰºʯͷࡣڶšɱ٣ֻܸһ
񾩵ʱֻһСǣ氮ĹءΪ˵õɵĻӲڰ۳ǧãͬ硣
˶¹پһƽ١ɲף˼仰Уġ޵壻ס
ǧ磬޵ĳҲһֵֻԾȡ
ɽһ߶һĿ飬󲿷߳Ϊһ塣岻ηϺҲηͨĵǹꪡ
ȻΪԶϧкܶɻ䣬ʮùɢ
ֱסúǰѷ˷ͣҵࡣ
һԼҪȻֹסãɵ˺ڱϾѩϼ˪
ѡ֮أһԾ۲̬Ǹסõһٶ
ʯ֮ĻޡѽкŽ֣Ͻá
ɽȴҡҡͷгɫĽһ䣺
ˣرסãǺŵ÷躮֦ͷ
İۣҲľ
۵ϵˣеá
εżã޳ƷĹ֮Ҳǵ޴ҵĸԴ֮һ
þõ֤ݡ
Ʈֱ̧ߣصط¡
ȸǰץס֣С
еñӡ˱ɺη塣ţ££׵ץңѵȸŵİµķ񣿲ף
εűȸ֣Բ͹ƽ̣¡һ˵ò˵š˵ȸŲá
ɫĻ˲ͳڽǰһ䣺ӣҺȸţɱµε񻹸ȸţľȸû𣿡
Դǧ磬ĿŮ࣬ûŮൽεšεɫ˵ĺݻ˾ǲ
ȻԲ˵ε෴εʮүǡʵڽүϢȫǡ
ôһŮЩ²һŮӾҪã˵һʿȣ˵򵥵Ůˡ
ֺˣε֪̬ءԼһ꣬ûչ־ͱɱ˷ǳʦδ
̻صˣûɱεҺԩ޳ΪҪɱ
οȸŵҲңһ˵
εŲ֪罭һֵ꣬ഺԼڲŲͰŪǷǡɫֵʻмһʲôϷأɱˣװһ֪ģҼˣԼĺãƭˣ
˵ʵ仰ʺϰεŵϡһɫȸһҪҫۡ
ֲ²ּۣεеõһ䣺֤ݣĵã׼˭Ļ꣬˭ǣ
лǣá
һǰãԼǱǸ顱ˡ
ȭһ䣺ˣòҵĶӻʮͣ˵ĸ׵
֮⣬ôץĲңǸ
εŲţֱԣߣƱ磡ߣʮ
أһͷֻȸڿУ㵹ֵء
εţԷ֪Լ˵ʲôҲܸıԷ⡣
ԼμӸѡôͱɱ֡ʵǲ
񾩿ʼ͵ù֪ؼ֮ӵĺǡ
ˣ
ԼΪɱ֣ԩϴˢ
½᲻֪Լץ֮£
ûǱˡ
ոʱ𶼳˳֪Լȷʵûɱˡ
εŲڰֵĹ򣬾ͽ˴򵹣ʣѵͬ
ֿɲǶ£̴󺰣ǣǸûϵ
һŭȭס
εżٷ֮ģòȸ»صС
ѡ֮س֮ң֮ҩʥĵǰҩ
ڵֻȸڿգһ·ʻʮ


49 Ѹ£
4.6ϣ
ʮԭרŹѺ̽ӡĻϲ֮ͽΪѹʮ
Ϊ𶥣ʮ㡣ÿһ㶼һΧƣһλɽĴܡ
Уúõһʮҽ緢Σأطɲӡ
ֻȸԸӽʮֱӽ˹ȥеĽ԰ĴӰһŵô󺰣
˵ʵһ·ϽֵĻʵ̫ࡣһֱںԼ޹ģ˵ʲôҪ֤˵
εȸǵǲ̨ӣţ˾Ϳô⣿޴֮硣
һʼڴѡ֮ػýֳ侲ȸҲ治ɫһ룬Ǻؿţҿָ߰ԩǸûϵ
̶ֱǵεŻ˾䣺ողһģô£
ίһ˵ţҷ仡ȽողǻûӦڲǲǴУ
εŲһִӾ硢ӰѪС˵ݱ꣬ڹŴη塣
ȽֱʮǰʱɤӶѾˡ
εżʱɤҲЩơһֱ۲ݣȸűٳȵľˮһŴߵ;ûԼĸǰȥԽӡ
ʮǰͤǽĵ̡ڴˣϲ֮ͽ
ּߣЩ졣ɾ벻
ɫű۵nľ˲̫ǡ
ҲзĽ֣ô̫ⱳһ䣺
εŵĸǰ㱨ؽˣǽ⡣
üľ˾ǱԷپˣ
ְСˣĨ֬㣬üһ䣺ˣϽȥ
ʮĻ̴ţ˽ֻڽԩǿнϳ
ûˣ˴֤ȷ֮ͽֻһˣĻ޺ڡ
ο⽭һ·ϻڶ໰˵ţԩġҪҲҳһٷɣ
׻˵ͷǻɶģ
εڵĽһ˵ţֱ룡
һֲģֺε˵ţΪԼĺÿˣҸ㣬ţ
ε˵òʱֻðɡָŽ֣㡭øСӣղƤͲε
⻰ˣͲεŵĻһһҼżȫ޷
ε뽭ֵĳ֣ûʻ˼ͱεŸ³ֱ֣û˽ֶʮС
ֻ½Ǿ䣺һģ
εżĽڱؽʮ˵ӻʮûֱӳȸ뿪
Ҳ⣬ֻεŵĸЩ޵ݣεʵƢĲá
Ǹֱ뿪ʮŲɾϵĺ뿪ʮ
εŲͨҪǰȥ񾩸֪ʥǣѽֹʮ
ֱǹɵ񾩵̽ӣôͻֱӱʮճɲлꣻȾ϶йӡҲᱻĹл˺Ƭ
۽Σǳʮš
뷨вںڰе
һ㣬¯ϣǹĵڤζһ䣺Ϲˣ
ŽңһջѾ¶ˡ
Ŷڸýٹӣ͸ϵľƬ¯βл˻˵ţνһŴʲôѹġֲǼҡ
ҵе㻳˼ˣ֪ƽ˼Ķһ֣ܶ˶ǸΪ硣
ҲмسЦһ˼ʲô硣һƣڱеһ䣺ߣ֪ߵغ֪񡣲Ⱥͨˣ֪ʲôɡ
ͷŲһĽңЦ֪ʲô𣿡
ҿüۣǸⰻȻͻȻЦҾɣ
ۣЦָŽҵһ䣺Դ󣬾ʥҳԼΪɡƾʲôԼɣ
Ҳ֮⣬ȴ֪Լɣǧɽ硣
׽ҵ˼ҲЦýһȲϽˣ̾һϢΪҪﵱ̽ӣȡ
̫ᣬ֪޴罭ˣĺɱġ
ɲܶɱģƮҡ֮ʣɲΪ塣
׼꣬Բһ
ǽãǸʮеĽ⣬ˣ
tips
1.ƽϾԡȨ䡷Ҳ¿˼䡣
2.Ȩ䡷ⱾСɰӦ֪Ŀǰƽһ˭ҡ


50 Ѹ£
4.5£
ʮ_㡣
ɫĴʯשϣһɽˮͼͼоơоˣ˼磬ǳƽ
һƵɶ칤ʱһɶ칤Ļ֮ϡ
ˣձʱܻѬ˹ȥȲ֪Լ˶ãҲ֪Լںδ
ֻһ׷ͯյűʣһλɰͯӣ˫ͫ˵һ䣺Сӣˣ
ͯӿС˵̬ţƱǷ˰
ֱǷ仡һˣԺҲ֪£С鲽ܹȥ˵ţ˭ôҲ
ͯ˻üһ䣺ô˵أҪ֪أǻϿ񣿡
־ͲˣҲΣʲôѵ˾ʮ١
һ䣺٣
̡ͯޣӸǵ٣
⻰һ˵־ס˲٣Ǿԡ
֪͵ĵӾ硢Ӱÿﶼصϴ󣬱ȼ
̹صһ䣺ϴ󣿡
ͯһСĵֵļϣֱӽĵϣ۵ýֲû޳
ͯק֣Сӣ㿴үү˭˭ϴѧʲôƵġ
㿴˭
ί治֪ǰͯ˭ίһ䣺Ҳʶ㰡㵽˭Ҫʾ
ͯӵ۾˫ͫһˡͨԹô֪˭ھͷ㣡
ָץժֵԴŵýֺţ󡭡
ֺͯݾǧһ֮ʣסͯӵ֣һ䣺ǹˣô֪أգ
˻üܣǹ֮ˣôܻ֮
Ž֣˵һ䣺õҲǶᣬǹǡֻһѾֻʣ²лꡣ
ڵǶҪûˡ
⻰һץסֵ½һ䣺Ĳǹ֮ˣ
ףĵҷģĲǹˣ
˻Сֹѹֲ֪ңһΪ˰أ
⻰һ£޵ƢҲ̫ˡŴ˵л˵һ䣺лλ֮
ۣ˵ţǾȵ㣬ǜȵ㡣ϾǺæ
Ҳͷ˵ţԣǺæ✯ǲǷˣһʲôգҪʲô
۾۽֣˵ţǿɵˣԽ˽
һ⻰Ѿʧŭð˳ָŽ֣һ䣺ʲô˵ɵˣҾ̳
ŵúܴ󣬺һھҪҧ齭ֵԴĶţ˰Ҳûյţôֹˣ
ٴۣһ䣺ˣո׼ƾŵġͻȻֲˣ԰ɣˣ
⻰һ˵رԶû߼ǵϵɽˮͼ˹ɽˮ˴粽С
һԣѵľءһԼӦóԵ֣һ־òУϾƾĸ˲֡
ò״ĸˣǰɱˣҪٵȸ꣬Ƕġ
ֱڻĵƷȡһֻëʣд˼־ͽ°˻
ַ仡ѹڿʮУֻܻһˣǾǵͼǧʮ
ڽҶʮ鼮˹µַ󣬽չʩչ˼ϯؽ
һջǵĻǣ˹ǿһֻʮλܣǺƳɺңסˡ
鱾ϵôǰһš
С֣յһ䣺Ǹչ˼ϯ
˼ϯ˻صһ䣺㲻˵ʶ𣿡
ֵͷҡͷе㼤˵ţƳֹ
˼ϯм̧ͷ˵ţǲС˼Һֹֹһ
Ҹ㣬ֻҪҶʣ¾ûҴ򲻿ţ˲졣
һĹơ
ߴĻʩۣ˵һ䣺ţ
˼ϯ⻰ֿʼָʩһ䣺㡭Ŵţ֪˯
ʩ˻ָ컨һ䣺ܴʮĴţ
˼ϯһԴŸ첲һ˵ţߣҳܴ򿪣
ʩҲŽ˵һ䣺ˣ


51 Ѹ£
4.6ϣ
ֺ
ٶڽ˵Զɽ˵ӰΡ
ݽҵݴ٣һξǾĶǣһ
Եʩ˵仰ʱûŵ֣ŵһԵ˼ϯϾߵɲǹֻء
һʧʣʲôûˡ
ץס֣ƾŵһ䣺Ҫץʱ䣬ϽƾŰɣȻˣǲִղĸˣ
⻰˼ϯעĵеƫĵʩ̣һ䣺ָԽ򣿡
ʩ⻰̬Ȳǿؿ˿ڣһ䣺ʮһùɢȻǸл֮壬ǶĲлڽʱһ𣬿ɲлѻ٣ԼĻǣһĹ
ûиܵһΪɽˮͼ㡣ɽˮͼĻޣͼ꣬ôĻǣ϶ɢ
˼ϯһ˻ʵڲһ䣺Ȼᣬ˵ôסող˵ǹ֮ˣ˵лǣⲻì
ɽĵڶˣһһ壬ôܻᱻһյûɢ
ʩҡҡͷָŽֵֻ˵ǹ֮ˣû˵ɽˡҿԺδǼŹ֡
ո˵һ¡һĵڶ֮Ź塣
ԭ˳ͨɼ壬ǼһûһߣС
ֲǲ֪΢ɽ磬΢Ǽҹɽĺܲ
˼ϯ˻ʩ֮⣬ϧؿŽֵһ䣺ǻץʱ䣬һһ֡
ʩĻЦ˼׶༪ˣ
ǰһһСˣһʱижһ䣺˻治
˼ϯ⻰һ䣺⻰ʲô˼Ʋǲǣ㣬˼ϯڹҲ쵱ڤţҲ
뵱꣬ļڹҲһСһָһƬ
ŵĴ֪ڤڤֲһ䣺ʵһֱףǼȻڹĺܺãΪʲôһɽأҸԹԵҲల𣿡
˼ϯ⻰Žֵͷһ䣺㵽״ģôʲô֪ӣ
ֻأĶͣ϶֪ɣɽԭһȺֻأӱʵĿ档
ΪԶϵķͼ춷һࡣСľٶǷӣΥ
ʩ⻰˼ϯĻ͵ŶӦò֪һҪֻأˣؼƽ⡣ǶôǿĹз㣬ֻֻֻػ޹˾ÿһֻأ֮ǰ۶ǿҪ¿ʼ
Ҳǵ֮ܶˣֻأҪԭ
οɽҲôã޳ȥųߵĻ˼ĵЩ֪ʲô𣡡
룬һ䣺Ϊ޳ϣ˲صɣ
˼ϯüĿ㣬ʹʱģ³һ䣺죬׼ɽ磬**أɣɽ磬ΪЩ˵ū͡
ЩҲҵѣҲҵĺᡣƻĵĻѵɽ˲𣿡
仰һ䣺Ϊɽ˹ƻ˼ĵɣ׼ӦǵĸԴ
֮ɽ֮սһΪͬΪ˼Ĳȶ硢ɽ綼ҪľηҪūߡ
˼ϯλȫͬ־ٳüɽ۸ʵʩһ䣺˵ûɽìܾΪ۲͡ﻹһ㣬ɽĴʼ͵͸ıΪŻֵ˵ز
ⱦɽռ䡣԰ǹɽһֱк⡣
Ҿʱо⣬оôԾȡô飬Ͻһܲڻǰ޳һ塣
˼ϯ⻰ȥСһڣ˵ţǻǴƾţ϶
ԣöԷ̫Ʋһ䣺ô֪Ҿһ
˼ϯһ䣺ֲǵһȵĹ֮ˣһ㷨񣬶ûһ塣
ԣı˷ʱ䣬ݵʱǴƾš
⻰ͻȻ뵽ȻҲЩˣ϶Ҳ߹һǽĿǰİ취
ȻܸǷͿ϶֪һ
ץס˼ϯһ䣺֪ôһ𣿡
˼ϯ룬ԼǱ˵ԼƾűȽϺá
ɽȴһ䣺Ҳѽ


52 Ѹ£
4.6£
˴ƾţʵڲ񫣡
˼ϯ飬Ŀǰ⣬ֻˣֲӰ
˼ϯıƢٴðסˡЩƢѾúܶ࣬겻ɽ
ػ˼ʮ̳ʩţҲҪҪҪƾšΪʲôŸһ𱻹ص
ʩϵ۾ֱۻ˼ϯ̧ͷ컨һ䣺ΪڰɣϾɽ鱾޹أΪƾţȰ˼ǧİࡣ
ǴιĴУ
˼ϯ𰸺ڻʯ࣬ĬĬᡣ
ּ˼ϯĺ˵һ䰮ԶĲ
仰˼ϯڶ˺ֻܰ۾ʩ
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ͷһ䣺ڸɣģ顣
Ļû룬ͷã
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ʩִӦಱӣ˼ϯһ䣺գȥȡһƻꡣ
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²̵½ʦ΢òײſϰ񾩵ʦͬе˵ʵܿû䣬ÿ춼ӡлδޣδ޵λߣǲ֮ˡ
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⻰ǸõĻᣬеĵ伮¥Կףһ䣺һʲôʸɳɲܶǽҵˣɳȥɣ㣬ȥ½ʦſţɲ˽ȥˡ
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޿һѾ߸伮¥
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Լϻ֣ƿľšȻǸ¯ǰԵ½
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½ɵҩͿҩЧȻ
ȻܸоؿҲܸܵĲ⣬޷˹Ҳ޷ܾ
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ֿס۾ţԭǽ½
Ժô½
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ɵҩô󣬹ʲô֪ˣҲãʱûôʹࡣ
½ӣսֱֲ½ͻȻۣһָ齭ꡣ
Լһָþ½ʱֱڰУɵվһԹĦĽ֡


53 Ѹ£
4.7ϣ
ɫɴʴأܻŨŨϤϤλãýһ¡
ԭڽִԽǰѾ½ɱˡʱף½ı飬ֲ⡣
ֿЦһŵ½ʱΪʲôֻˡ
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ʩ˼ϯһ䣺㿪ţȻͳȥˣ
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˼ϯָŶһ䣺ΪǺҪߵŲһǹɣ
˻ֵʲôʱߣ
˼ϯһ䣺ڣ
סбʣд캨ʫƪʫĳֱӴʮĴš
ʮڣл걼ŵ⻤г
ڣּһ䣺һﻹǼϴҪ뿪Ƿַӵ顣
عͷ˵һ䣺ǵҪ£
ʩۣһ䣺һգȥ˼䣬ҿϾʩңԣһһǡ
˻ͷһ䣺ãҾʳԣأ
˼ϯ˻һ䣺ǡһ**ȥڤ磬ŰҸ˵һ䣬Ҿͻˣ
һЦŽ˵һ䣺֮ܶ㻹ǸϽ߰ɣڜ֮ǰ
ֲ˻֮⣬̱ʮʮ⣬𣬻űŽֵһ䣺󵨿ͽƻʮ֮ţֱ̫
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˿ɲЩֳֻ֪ʮּɵֵ
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ֿûκ͵˼ֻһ취ǾǿٽǣԼȥ˵˵ԩ
ὣ׼뻤˽սʱһ˳˷С
վԭأüһ䣺㣡


54 Ѹ£
4.7£
ɫĹȦ΢΢Ĺ޴ϵڷ꣬壬۾޴ϵ磬˵һ䣺Ҳ䣬Բ䡣
ڵ𣬹ȦޣԽԽ΢ĹڵڵԼ֮ˡ
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ȴûо쵽ֵ˼ţ⣬Һû¡Ȼ͵Ϯ㣬£ʦڣһȫ
Ľϻ˵ѪȴֶŽֵһ䣺ǿ߰ɣȻ񾩵ʦˣͲˡ
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ĵƬ۾մѪȡ۾òһ䣺ȥҾʹȥӽԺǶˣòã
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ֲҡͷҲֱӾܾ֪˻ʲôıҲ֪ж
֪ԼӲƴԷַӾͱ˺Ƭ
վ˵ʬԡֶŽ˵˾䣺⣬
˻ı񣬲ò̤һ
ȵڶ̤ʱϷһѳװʮǰ
л˵
ŵԪرƪڡܵһٶʮ졷ȤСɰȥǱ߿޹أ


55 Ѹ£
4.8ϣ
죬ʮ
ɫҽʮ·ס˰ʦǡЩﶼһɫ졢ٸߣǲͻ𣬼ǰɫҽǰ
ʦֻðγ׼УɹƬҽΪ׵ʦͷűԷ磬еĳʱ׼һս
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½ԣһȻҽһڷӿ
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56 Ѹ£
4.8£
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ɫĹʥ֮ϣΣڵĸƵ
ϣֻīʥһڣշŽɫݹĺ飬һ䣺ʮƣ½Ĵ˰񾩵ʦ
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½ĶҲ棬ʹ߰ʦֱ̫
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̧֣ǰץס֣½˵˵ʲô
½еĳЩͼֵˣһ䣺


57 Ѹ£
4.9ϣ

󣬿ɷڿյɹȴԵø
Ǿɹſڣ˵ĻܵҲ䡣
εʵڲԼĶظһ飺ո˵Ҫ
ͨʦŶͷϵĺ״ε˵ţԣԣԣʮˣ˽Ҫ
ε˻Դ۽΢˵ţʲôأ˲𣿡
ʦͷ˵ţڣڣڣˣˣ
εһ仰λʦļ˵ţʥ棬ͨ˵ҵȥʥ繴ᣬͼ߸񾩣
һȸ֣ųȸʮµſڵʦһ޴롣
Ȼǵһ񾩣Ҳ֪ûͨ˽ԽɹǴվſڣѳɺڵεţ߶һ£ٸһư
˿ΧŽ룬һ䣺Ƿʲôˣ
ʦһӹȴһλµĿιӣҹ;պù䵽˴˲Ǳˣǰ񾩡СĺʱҪʼڶִѡع䵽ɹ
ʦӭϣһ䣺̫ˣˣˡ졭쵽ҡ
վһԽûŹƵһ䣺ҼҴô£
ʦû˻ҡ˵ţǣǣǡѽ֮ڰɣ
ҡҡͷ£Ƕɫı顣ⱦɫɫգۼ䣬ǡ
ӣٲʵʵʲôˣ
ʦ˻뿪ڣոԼĿҲѧź٣ػصʮˣˡ
⻰ŮˡǰʵŶԭˡͿ
ʦ쵽ּӿ٣˵ţˡ
һھ֪Լ˵ס͸ŭĿӵŮǵͷ
ڰ֣޷Ͱϲ˵
ʦһıжȻģ֮У˵ľǺˡ
¶Цݣһ䣺˽Ҫ
һһģһ䣺ˣ
ʦͷ˵ţǿɲͽ˴
ԣӵһ䣺˽η˷ˣ
ʦһҡҡͷǵûУ˺Լʮ
һ̾ϢǾͲǽǽ㻹ǰŪɣټʥɣ
ϾʥƢûôá
ʦһæͣ·ͬСɣο˽Լ׿˵ԼҪġ
ոսɫѾ˵ˣֱӽ
˵껰Ӷסʦһ䣺Ҹģ
еչ֮һλչգһֻ衣
ǰʦϵԻһ䣺ٸ˵˵˽ôٵ
˵ͷźеȽս׷ɡ⽣Ӱʮ֮սһһ
˵ι¾սΰм
ֳĽһҲûиܵ
ΪԼᱻʮߣ½˵Ǿ仰ñɵǣһ䱸ؿǡ
ôʢ˵ԣֶ½ʵ̫ˡ
һ°ȭͷʹ½
վһԣҲܸܵӵ
ô˸ôĿŵ˵Ҫ飿
ҲԼˣ˾䣺Ҫ
½ֿһοڣɤ˵ţԣҪ
ĳǹ½ʱֻͬˡ
һ룬ǹʹıǼ⻬½ס½ţ½һ䣺Ǹˡ
סǹż㣬һɡ
ʮǰüǹ½Ҫʹ𣿡
½ɿ֣Žһ䣺ȻҪȻΪҸո𣿡
Цǹǹϵ緢ɫĹâлɽڼ䡣
ѳǹ֣Хһرɫ
½ҲĴеĳмֹ
ڽһ䣺Ҳ㣬ûţ
˫ٴνսҲǰץס֡
ûһֵܽ½
ϵǹڻ½뽭ֵķ򣬽ǹıȫɶ̵֡
ЩУͻȻһɫʸȱĶи죬ֱ½
½ߣɫʸϮʸ½ĸ첲ɫһǡ


58 Ѹ£
4.9
ɫļʸīʥľģľʸϵ½ֱۺʧֻصεŵС
ֻǵһο˵½еĳסĳǹϧãǳǿ󣬽ָӲ½һ
½ֱˣֻǹУѪĽֺˡ
̫߹Լûлý֡еĳԼѪɫĹâ
εȸǱ˵һ䣺ĺø˵ûйϵ㵽ƭ˭أ
񾩵Ĺ˾Ȼ׿˵Ҫ֣ΪǣֱҹԴ
ŵΪ˵˾繴ᡣٶǻԼǽϵеʥԷƵ˼⡣
λ񾩳󣬴Сʥϲ˽Ȼ˴治
εŷĵظеãһֱڵһᣬһܽʥʥʥһ򾡵Ļᡣ
ĵ̫ˣն½Ը
εŵĻеĳֿ½ζӳ¡
֪ڵ飬ʧ½һ䡰ʧȵε˵г֮ʱּס½
ڲ˵ʱոսסһȴҲһ˵塣ǻѪζ̲סԣѪˮ
½ô
ĺѧӾĴ˵һ޷ʵڲпᣬ۵˵һ䣺оˡ
½⻰üͷȡһŵҩַ¡
ԶĽεţȡ¶ߵ׹ڽֵС
ָȼһ˿ĻŽ׹УԽֵһ䣺ڴ˵ˣκ׹ϵ硣
˵Ļᣬųεš
Ļüͷһ壬ָᵶ½һ䣺һɣ
εһеĹһ䣺ߣ˽˵£ʲôģΪǣ治ǽʥͽܡ
㿴ģȷʵ˼
ĳǹأڵεŵһ䣺ҾͲˣһΥ֮
ε˽Ļ÷˸ۣ︹Žǲ˼仰ˣ޴
Цһ䣺¾£ʲôڡҪǲ򣬾͸ҹһȥ
⻰Ͳģĳǹסεǰȥĵ·˵ţ˵㣬ҵĵ̣Ǹ˶ҵģ𣿡
εŸԽһףһɫļʸ½
һֻȸļʸųǹҲս
εż˼ʸ˵ţڸʲô׼䣡
εŸͲһ߹½һ졣
˵εűɣո͵Ϯ½εǸ˵Ķá
˶죬½ýĿɿڴ
ǰֻڵϷ￴䶷Ļ棬ʵ֪Ƕô
½ĵεƮݵýĿࡣ
½˶ٴεƶж졣ֻײ
½ĽǧĵýεŴ۽硣
ֱˣж㡣ǰѵӵӰӶ
ĸҲ½ϵĵεͻȻʦīʥ½Ļ˵֮ӡ֮
񾩵Ľ֮λҪʵѧܹһ֮ˡȻ˵֮䲢û˭֪ս͡εŹƶˡز¶½ȴǾ֮硣
˶½ĽӰĶšĵ뽣ƣľ߾֮硣
ɽȴãǹ
½Ľûῴĵʵ޷֮ĸְϡ
ǰ͵ĵӽ޷Ĺƺ֮Ժ
ϵĺҫ½䷢Ϊս
εȴսûл½ľ룬ٷһ
½ĵǲÿһƵˡŽһ䣺֣һ𣿡
ʱ£ᣬһͳ½
εҲ϶½ľ룬ٽ½ۻˡ
ɳǹһڣסεŵߡ
֮󣬳ǹ½ͷ­ǹϵı˪ס½еĵ
ǹУ̾ıд½
ֿһĻ̲ס½֣ۼ½аΧڽıС
һߣεҲȸļʸƱڣܻŽвʲôߣ
εţ˳ÿǣҲûʲô
ôϻ
뿸ųǹȥץ֣һ룬Ϳסεš
εŻ֪ʲô£͸оԼڼϡ
ƿڴǰıѣдǡ
½ӱ߳űһεš
ϵĵ𣬵˲佫лˮӿĽεš
εʱסոǽԼҲЩб½׺ݵĵ
½ͻȻá¶½˵Ҳûôš


59 Ѹ£
5.0ϣ
ҽ緢ȾѪ֮ɫʱ߽磬޴ĹڷУķܲסһ׹ڵϣһ
½ĽеѪ³ǰĹǼܶѳɵСɽһ䣺̵ģʹ򣡡
ԸʦѰ׹ǣԼ彣Ÿȥʮ¡
ϧûԶһ˱㺰ס½٣
½Ļͷҵһ䣺ʹлʹֱӴôʦǰ
ڰ֣ص½ٶˣ˽ݾңͼ𡣡
½ڿûʱɣֱԣ֮лʹ»飬һ
ԣ½ǰ
½ļˣصһ䣺ʹΪεң
ֻ̽ͣǶѰ׹ǡ
½һܲ˱̵˵ǶѰ׹ôˣ
ϵҹɫ۱紵ʹĲ·ԵҽȶȣȾһ˿̺졣
¶һ䣺ȫŮӵĹǺ
½һǶѰ׹ǵһ䣺ȫŮӵĹǺ˰
ۣͷֵһ䣺ǰЩŮӦöݣǵĹͷ϶硣
½һݡǿɲĻֵôܣݵ鲻Ѿ𣿺οɳݡôʮ»ŮӵĹǺ
ҡͷҲ֪
˳Ĭʱ֣ɽﳤһ׳֦ٹŰ񾩵ʦ
Щ֦ĸﳤѪɫ˳Źɽõ˫ѪɫҺ塣
ЩҺ崥̻ḯʴ壬˵ѪС
½ĿЩ֦ʦǺˣ˸Ͻˡ
ʦ½ĵķԸ̺ˡЩʦŷûɶԶͱ֦䣬ϽɽС
½ĿĻ¼˱ʦ˵ţ죬񾩱棬ʮ³
󣬽ʮԽȫΧס
ʦһעסĹ
޷ʦʼͣشŴءʮ΢ҡΡ
οǶѷֵ½һˡ
Ǵӵ϶ϣײһ㡣
½Աг󣬹ĸѸ͡ϳûͣ¹һ롣
ǿεţǵֵĳǹࡣ
Ķ־ԽսԽ£ҲսвϵؽԽԽ졣
ҲһؼأεšԽ
εһȥʱΪ½ƴ˵ұۡ
ȻĶ־Ҳ½𣬿½̫졣
εżˣԼļ̲סһˣǲǷˣѵҪɱ𣿡
½ͣ¹صߡüۼһ˿ãսĿУûȫǡ
ոЩڲϵĵ
ʹվһ䣺Ӯˣ
½ҡҡͷ˵ʤδ
ĸ˾վʮ»޲ýԷһⶼҪ
ֱۣס˿ڼ
ε󣬼ֱϵˣһƿϺõҩ
ֿ׶ԷʱץԼͷ
վߵ½ǰɤźţ޹ģ
ε⻰;÷ꡣץ·ϣͱ仰͸ġ
ʱ
ȫԽ˵ĻŽ˵һ䣺ⲻУȥ½ĴŰʦǰὫһ򾡡
⻰ɫ̱䣬һ䣺ôܵ񾩵ʦ
εҲֻ֪ߵ˵ţߣ˽´󰡣ߵСٶܵʦһǲҪ񾩵
֮⣬ק½ӵһ䣺㣡
½ֵͷһ䣺޷ҲںֻҪ¾ͺã
⻰ʮָж½ȹܶΣ̫࣬ʵڲԸ½ΪԼ鶪˽λӡ
˵֮λѵãٰ㿼飬ûʸȻ
εšֺҶ½˽޹ء
ûɱεοεԩ޳ΪҪɱ
ε˻һ̵˵ţ㵱ɵֳҩƿҲɳʯ
ɱ֣
Լݸεҩһ䣺ֻǾҩʲôƷ
εŲţһֱ½ĶУû˼ȥ˼Ƿԩ
ּԷûлػԼӦѾ˵ͨǣϲ
׼ڽµշ飬Ϳһֻɫ֦渽顣
Ǹ֦͵͵ֱӹᴩεŵĸ


60 Ѹ£
5.0£
εŴСͲȸڣ꣬űīʥ񾩡
ӳڴδܹصˣ۵һ
֦͸ɽ̳ŴεŸ˿ڣ֦
ñסεϵ֦һǹ֦
ϧεŸ֦ѪУʹ𿪱
ֿ֦ǲݵġ
½ýֻԼǰסѱƵεţסļʸ
εŵǻڣֻ޷ơĸ֦ǿһ仨
Ļе񺮣һ䣺ʲôʮôֶ
ĳǹεŸȴεŵȸס
εŵĶͷ£͹𣬶Žһ䣺ҵ岻ܿˡ
һŭ𣬵ص֦ܵεŸ޴󻨶Ӱ죬εŵ֫ƣһˣֻ¸Ļ¶档
ǻϵˣɸࡣ
ˣƴһźӡԴӽʮ󣬺ӾʧʶСʮڲнƣʹÿռ֮
½һֻ׹˵ţӣӣٲӦңҾҪˣ
ں˵˵ʲôɲôֳˣǲǼ𣿡һӦֵĺͨ۾ǰľ
ʶϽ˵֮
˻ʶϴţҪˣҪˣ
ʶŵ״Σţʲô
ֵʣ˵ţʲôֱ޴ᶼ˵ǼǸ˶ǣһڤĳ
һڤ誱ӡͱصڤУô֮˵ǡǿԼ˵塢Ǿ
֮˻ֻܼᷨʹĹ
ΣûеõõϢʺӣûнİ취ȻǸӡ϶н֮
ʶеɴ˫ֻۣ۾󣬾ǹڤֻһڤֻ겻ҪŪˡ
ԺǰΣӻʱ;Ĵ󣬼ֱǷֲΡ
ڤôҪ
һν
½Ϊ˻ס˵ĽĻֳסޱ۵Ĺ
ޱײļ䣬½ֱϵ˿ѿѪ˳մʪ·һڵϡ
ֵǵرǰʶֹ
½ˣǹ
ϵ۾ͷһ뽭ֵܷ֡˵һʺɡ
ҪҪɸˡ
ޱ۱½ٳһȭıٳޱ۱ס
½ûޱۣŽıϱ۵ľڱС
ֱ½ߣǬֹס½ֱϵѪ
½˵ǸǼ
һ½һûǷӦͳֹѡ
½һۣͷ̸С
Ҳ½סգŵϵıը
ļγɵľָֻ˾ޱۣȫεŵӰ
̰ضסˣޱ۵֦һʣתͷˡ
һһ˵ţҪϽ񾩱棬ʮǴҡ
½֪ԣҲܾεŲܡ
ο֦׷ᣬǲ׷뿪һУִҪȥţֻὫ񾩣ǧ
ʽ֣ûƽ֮
ֻڸӳܣ֮
ӱƵû취˵ҪŹȸżҵĺӣֻøĶռȻ䡣
ʣʲôĶ
ش𣬼Ľֵһ䣺Ƕ˵Ĳɣ
˻ôŲǶ˵꣬棬ֻĻǲŸո޳һ壬ȶ
ǹϲĲ壬ǻǡҪȻôᱻ֮˾¡
֮ûй꣬ȥ½Ϊһ΢ˣꡣ
϶ַӾεţͰɵ
꣬ѻת½ǣ˵ȼһ䣬Ǿ;ȳεš


61 Ѹ£
5.1ϣ
סʮѱ֦ȫǡԭŵʬ壬ѱ֦ɣøӴ
½սʱѱŵطȥԮ˵ˡ
ʮǰֻʣ½ˡ
ֵĻ̱½У̫Σˡȥεš
½ĻԼգΣʱʵ˾
ҡҡͷ½ʵ˾ҡεŵȥܻΣա
ҪҺͽ˾εŵʤʴ󣬻ͽһ˵ʤʴ󣿡
ֽʵ½ǰѡ񡣿ȫ͹½Ĺִ
ֵķԸȵһᣬȥ
ȫ㲻ˣֻܵͷųǹסĹԼĽǶȣֱóǹסͼĹ
½ͽԼ֮ǰԣκ⣬еĶ׹
Ը껰ҧƻڣþѪƳϣֹҲ⿪֦
У½Ϊ񣬼½̳뽫ɡκι½¡
Ҳڼ䴭һո赲ּơ
ڿУ½ͷ׶ԷѾ׼ãһ˿ȥεš
½Զľ룬˵ұ۵Ѫż
½ɢŨֳ½Ѫܼ
е֦ƣ½½վԭأֱ۵ѪȾɫӡӦúͽһҹɫۣɾУֱӴŰɫ˴˴롰սλಫҪһʵڲܽĸɾ
żסƣ֮ɳ
Ƕ̰ĵļεŵĸƳ֦
Ƽ£ֵĶһȴ½þѪƵĻֵס
ؿžڴ½ʱ˸ǹһķ˾˵Ľ߹ֱĶϡ
Ƴ֦˻εŸͣգ۾ڳЦ½Ϊ
Ϳ½ǵĴ㣬ķɽ̷ֳһЩ֦ȥ
½״̸ϵߣΪǰյļ֦
γɵĹøŨңУ֪ʱδ֦ǡ
վϣҲ裬½Ӱ
ʶеĺӵһ䣺̽󡣡
ӺصԼͲΥֵֻƽʱֶ
˽ֵĻҪ뻭һһ֪ѵǱɢµ幩ʹ
֪еԣĺש¾޴ķ
м䣬ԼƷһζ?ѪźӸġ
ĵԽֿǸźһһֵģ¶
һ󣬷ĽǷɫ⣬ֱ³һѪ
̫΢ܲסôǿ󷨡
óȣŬ۽ߵԼ¡
еļһ֮㣬̷½ǵĹűʮ
ٶȻ죬ײ½µĻʱе¡Ҳκͻƿڣþޱ۲ͣشŻ֡
½û׹Ҳ޷ֵ֪̽״ֻͻȻĹʧһ֪ʹ
УóǹŽС
ϵ˺أδˡĴ󣬵һ䣺ôԵķ󣬽ҲƵĳֱš
½ûʱԦŷɵ˳ʮеķֱӷ
֪Ƴľģսپ
ʱѾֻǷζԵߵֱӶεţһֻŽ֡
ǻһεţ֦У
εҲ½ȣ
еĽּѾȳҲֲ֧סһʱֱӴ׹
½ʱ۾ѱգ½ס½ĵҩֿУоϢԽԽ
ǶĥõļҲָԭһ仨Ƕ䣬ճڻ֮ϣıס
ץǶ˵ţҿ㻹ܣ
Ҫ仨ذ񾩣ȫ˵ߵεҲס½һ䣺²˳٣ҪϽذ񾩣ҩʥˡ
½Ľɫ԰ףٴβȣǵ˵ţ񾩿λš
½ĻԼֱͨ񾩵Ŀλš
ȡƣţλſ
ɰ춼ûзӦʵڲ֪ԼŪ˵ţôʧأ
½Ҳ˦Լơڿת˼ȦֻصС
Ϥ½еݳǣѶһֱ޷ȥ
֣˵Ƿɻȥ
̴Ӧ
ˣˡƤˣԦŷʮͨ񾩵ͨ
ô붼޷򿪰񾩵Ĵͨ
֪ⷢʲôֻ½Žֵһ䣺ͨرˡ
һ䣺˭ˣͨرˡûͨǸ벻ʮ
ôǼˣ˶Ѿ뿪𣿡
½ԣҡҡͷָԶҽһһ֦ˡ
Щ˶Ǳ֦ס˴Ļ䡣


62 Ѹ£
5.1£
޴İʯשڿУһſžӨ͸ʯ
ʯϣ˺۵ʦˤʯשϣеѪ³
ųƴһɳǰƶ
ʦʯשƶ켣׼Ϳʯשϵˣ½ĸ١
񾩣ɹҡȵĽλʦĻ㱨˵˼飬ȥǼ仰
ɺ˵ţԣ˵ǽûƻʮ˵ǽ֮ǰ˵㵽˵ʲô
ãƵʦҪ޳
׼ʱ̧½ĸǰ
һǰѯʶԷһͱ½ץסѪŪ
½ۣźһ䣺ˣҪʥ
һԵʦ仰۰ظ̣Ҫˣ֪λǸر鷳
̾һ뿴½ĸ١
˭֪ǸϲʶĺȻû˵ֱ̧½Ľ
ʦĿɿڴһڵ⣬һ䣺ҲԽȥ𣿡
ڵϣ½Ľʮһһ֪㣬ιµҩָһЩ˵ţǴ󣬳ЩݵĲͬ˻ṥ⣬ˣɵĵطһ仨
Ǵȥʦ󲿷ֶЩɣ˻ṥĻʹƴҴͨͳʮ
ʣأ
½ĵɫ԰ף˵ţ֪Ϊֹͨͨˡ׶༪١
ס½ĵֵһ䣺ͨˣǿΨһ뿪ʮ·
½ȫŶ޴ܸУȭͷ˵ţû취Щݵȫͬƺǣ˺󣬻ǵͨ
ͨŻȥ񾩡ǧҪ١ʵ̫ǲҶġ
½ĵĻڣīʥĿ
½Ŀīʥ̹¿ͷ˵ţʥʮֶ磬ʥԮ֡
īۣŵϻ˵½ĵһ䣺磿ǧôֶݶٲѾ𣿡
½ĽʮڵһһīʥԽüͷԽ
ȥεšգ˵½ǣԸ̷ʮκˡʮҰ񾩡ǧ
īǡ
īˣһ䣺£
̹ػصʥѡҪʼˣΪ٣Ҫȥִѡˡ
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תīһ䣺ȥǸĺӽɣôãҲܼʥˡ
ǳЦκνͣһ䣺ǣ
߳ţȺʦһ䣺Ŷʥȥ
ʦһֿǳǳЦݡ
Сʦһ䣺ʲô𣿡
ʼ磬̾һ˵ţȻǾ鷳һ¡
㿴ѡʱҪˣ**鷳ȥ칬һ¹ʥ㲻Ҫʥ
һá
ǸСʦƨƨߵط칬ǻϲ
Ȼûɺӵƣ˳һƮԶ
еѶϣʮǰ½С
ɽ¥񾩲Ҫˡ
ֻѶ͸ųʧɹһ·½
½ʮµɽڡŽ֡εźͽ
ֵͷ½ȣʱ뾯½ӡ
û˵ƹǽ֣½¶΢Ц
½Ҳ¶Цݡ̧֣޽ǳϵĻȡ£˵ţþò
ˣû飬ҲûнЩ⡣
ֻǵһ䡰þòů͸ȫ
ͷס֣Ҳһ䣺ţþò
ӵһ𣬽Щᡢᡢìܶůӵڡ
û˵Լ⣬ɸոһۣһЦ½ġ
еĹ¶ίʹ඼ӵлΪҽֻůˡ
½ѪζԹţ̫ˣΣհͲ֪Լ
½ͷڽֵļϣŽֵıֵ˿۵ýƺһ
ֳֵȭ봸½ıֲôʹ
֪½˼˵Լ£Լѡȷġ
˾һǵµ֡
ǵҪҪɵ£ԼѾأ
л˵
컹ٸһ¡ЩСɰңˡұʾʮֵźʵڲ˼Ҵ˲õĶ顣Ȿдĺԭ͹ܶΣˮƽޣǻѹ˵дҿ֮һЩСɰʾǸͬʱǳлҹ͡ԸӵСɰллǵ֧֣Сģ


63 Ѹ£
5.2ϣ
ʮ±Ǵݲߵ֮ءȴ̲
֦ʮռ䣬һһ京ŵɫ䡣
ЩʱƶҲŻ̬Ψһıһſǵع۲ܣѰһпɵ
ǵǿҽжܴ
ӵĻУ֦δʴ֮أʯγɵɽĸǱɽЪϢ
ֻλڻԳλװ˯
̲סǽʱѹԼĳǹʱоֲ
ȫҶʶ⣬ʲôܾõֵЦ˵Ļ
ľ½е֣ΪʲôͲʩһ֮Ҳơ
ϧӵʱ̫½Сȳ̲סװһܴĹǷ
ҲʹϽƿ½װ˯
װ˯ıºܲңƭ˽εš
һεžҲ·һ󶴣˿Ѿϡ
½ֻ֪ÿڡ
εϵȫʳɾ˺ء廹Щٻ
½ǣļˣӦúܿѵ
ε˻ȡ׼Ǭ֮šȴ޷ֱͣ׹䵽ϡ
ȰҪ׷ʮˣͨҲˡ
ε⻰һûдϣֿȳһѪ
һ˵ţô⻹顣
Ŀǰյָ֪ķ˵ţǧÿսôǿǳҲǵʳ
ʹ࣬εڻܸܵĵ˻ֱԣҾҲԼٱ
ֱȥ壬ֻɼڲ裬һξ͹
ʹ࣬˶ܸܵõʵôĲпᡣʮؽѾȫơ
ѾƵ·;ĩ·˶δܹ
εſ½һ䣺࡭лȸŵ㡣
½⣬һֱŽֵͷǵý̲סۣͣ㡣
½ĽǶһֻ۵ĽʵȤͷ˵ţãʱ򡣡
εһ˵ţǼȻ֪Ǽǿн֮ǲԴУ
Ҳ½֣֪鶼ǽǸ֪
½˻Ľֵգ˵ţҲֶ֪ҵģ˵ɣ
仰εšе֪ڼ˯Ҳ˼ȥ𴩡
ҲеΣ½̫ѣʲôۣͲ˵
εĽ۵½һۣƵεšһЦ˵ţ½ǵģҶˣôңôҺõȡǸǸ
Ƕʲôʱˣõû
εûƣֻл˫ȵ½һ䣺Ŷ˵þòʱѾˡ
̱ɵεգ۶ոһУǰһڶɵӣ
εſڳ˽Ķ˵ʵһֱ܆µĽֳԱ˵泩ֱЦ
ĻҲЦζûЦ֮¡
еţȻεְλߣɱ϶ˡ
ⷬѺ󣬵е㻼빲֮飬ĸЦЦ²١
εЦ꣬Ž֣ôܰĶŪ
Ҳʺӣһʱϵֻεصһ䣺治֪
εĻҲûʣжԽֵأǰļԼ⻨䱳Ĳߡ
껰ųǹ˵ţ⻹һڤ綼֪ôǸ֪
¥ڣҲ֪ƽ֮ϧݴ٣ƣǧƽ֮λʥͬʱ档
ǧѣλʥ뿪
οڵİڣֻīʥʥչصıչأεΡΪصҩʥټ޴Ѱ
ͨأؽ类⣬ռ֮ã̫ȫûһʤ㡣
ǶȲֱӹֲȫסοֱ˾ˡ
εڵϣôǰ׻Ⱥô¡
һ˵ţɱȥû·ȾԮҲ֪ʱؽ綼ˣѾ֪ʮڲ顣
Ǻʱ¡£񾩽Ӧþˣڶ
ѵͽǣ
ε˽յĻֱӷ˰ֱۡԣǻԾɣԴϱǼ
°ͣ˵ţǺأɴˣ
½Ҳֱԣ뿪ǰһѶңѧǿ
˻²ͬţֻнֱۣһ䣺ʵҾûһطܻ֪ƽ֮


64 Ѹ£
5.2£
֮ɫ֮硣ʥΪԣŽʮڴ˴
˴׽ѳֻһͨǧĴȻ
ڣ̸죬ʮϵ𶼱Ϩ
֦һһɫĻ䡣ģһſɨܡ
֮ϣѤɫУһֻ˵ȸſ˫ϵļ꣬ŬԼȥ
ȸϵĽֿ۵±̵磬źڳֵ˵һ䣺꣬ˣʮˣ
ε˻۵ȸ˵ţȺҵĴ仨ôصˣͷˣ
ȸѾ˰ʱ⻹ڶеʱ䡣
½ãѹͲεŵĻ£һ˱εţŴ
ҲãϾҪ۲ֻд仨ȸˡ
ֻнεɫˣֲһ졣˭ϴʮ򣬺εŵıȸˡ
ֿۿĽʵ벻ֻͨƯȸôд仨أ
ʱǰڶһƻ⵽εŵǿҷԡ
Ȼ½Ҳͬ⣬̬ϻǷǳᣬֻһ䣺ʮҹ̫ס
ε˻ֱԣҹǲǼԾˡ
˻ͷεصһ䣺ǰˡ
εһһ䣺㲻ˣ̫ˡȺûоսСȫ֪ء
ѵǹôԴǵ𣿡
½ˣһ䣺㲻Ҳûս𣿡
ֻ仰û˵ڣڱ׵εټһѻ
ڹĳޣ޷ǸͬܡϾΪһ֮Ѫ𡣺ο粻ǳìܣҲȫ෴
粻ݵģûмʶʮҹļƻǾôʱ˿ֻй˻֪ô
ûпܷ飬εŸ˿ѡ
æǰεŴ˿ڣ˵ţ𼤶˿ѿˣ
εۣõƢӱꡣΪգû뵽һԵĽ˼صһ䣺ҾƻУᱻҵΪū
ūҲȥҹҲҪƴһƴѡʮ
˻ݺݵصͷ͵ԣԣԣ
εſֵСͷԼǰȥָŽһ䣺ں˵˵ʲôҹ飬ǲɵˣǻǣǺ޲ǧ类ˡ
ε˿ѿˣڵϣס˿ڣڰΪǺ󼸷֡
˻ĵεűΣŵðֵ˰ǲȥˣȥˣ
εţߵ½һ䣺Ҳԡ
εһŭƢҪǣָ½һ䣺ǲɵˣҪǲǰ취ô죿
½üëŽΧεŴ˿ڵģһ䣺Ǿʹǿڡ
ųǹǳͬ½Ļо½ε֮Щӿеսʵ̫ûҸ͡
ǸɵСӣڸεŵ˿ͿҩεҪҪ
ֱҪˣ
ȽָεŰ˿ڣ½Ҳͬȥʮֻʣһֱε˵Լȥ
ҲýεһɻǵĽֺεţһ뿪
֮ǰεһֱŸɣεŵСƢѾķǳ׼֪һûʲôģǱ˳軵ˡ
εţεűȸ˳ȥʮ
ֻ·ı̫˺üȸˣεֽݺݵһ١
½ָķҵѾ֦ʮ
ʱ䶼챻εŵɤźˡ˵ףҪ½ʵ˸֮εɤţ类ļɸɾ
ҲøСӵεŶƽϣֱԣʮǰ棬ҪţעĶ
ֵͷһ䣺á
ǹģǹʣջһž޴Ľɫġ
ĳΣųһʮʮǰһͨ
ͨ˼̴½ʩµķ
ӵǺ˰ͣȸ
״̵һ䣺ȥ
εȸӿٶȳ֦ͨٶ̫죬סȸ˫
ȸУ˿ڴɣ֦񱳡
εŽŵغ仨
ٻеĳϵ˿ڣһ䴩֦ô仨Լͨȥ
ȸϵ˿ڱʴ˿ڴһ޵Ļ䡣
еתתʹ޴ȸԶͨ
½״ڻȸϵ֦סʮ
εҲڼϣڼȫȸǰʮС


65 Ѹ£
5.3ϣ
ʮڣ羰ɡǧķһſžӨ͸ıʯƮĺ֮ϡ
֮£İĺˮУϷµ۾˫񣬵һ䣺˽ˡ
Ưɫӣϵ䣬ڸסӡǡ
ʮ⣬޴ͨ޷رգƵȸ嶼ͨڡ
½Ź֦Žεŵһ䣺ߣ
̱εţȴεץסεŵһ䣺Ƕס롣
ٻγɫļʸֻȾȸʼ²֡
ԥ֮ʱһ֦Ȧס˽󣬽
εżˣһ䴩֦һֱӽȸ˴ļ䱬
鴦ֳһȦС飬ˮݰ㼷ڴѴ֦ջأֻþ޴ȸͷˡ
ε֪ոһûгɹ˵ٴԼİȸɫļʸ
ʸϾ޴ͼ׵֮**ȸУֻȸڲըѡ
ʸ޴ͨȸڵ¡Ƕļ֦
Ҳû½İ£þһ˿ͨرգ½Ų
ʱεεţߣһ䣺½Сӣ治Ǹ֪һ£
ϼˡǰʮڴһᣬ֪ȥ_㡣½ˣŽεţһ̳ɵʯףһ·ϲ_㡣
·ֻĲлꡣЩлǵ깥֮ˣʮнһ˿Ӳд
һƵҹɫۣŵõҴܣЩֱӻɢ
⾪һĻýɵۣǵϴԼʱЩлжš
εľȥϸʵеȫ󲻵ϸεŻôء
;½˵һ˱ˣɽʼûͬ⡣
Ͼ˭ҲԼϲǰԼܡ
˵_ʱѾ۵һ仰Ҳ˵ˡ
_ڷɧ˼ϯűƿһ
ǧûƿȴţ飬ע⡣
۾һϤ˱һƯġŮˡ˽ڡ
Ϥ󻹸ҹɫ۵ʦ
ⷬ˼ϯɵۣڻɽˮͼʩһ䣺ǲʹˣȻǸոͳȥɵСֻˣŶˣʦˡ
ʩüδָ̧Ħӣһ䣺
˼ϯͲ仰е񶼻㼯һϡֻ¶õЦݶӻ֣һ
˵ǰŭһ㡭ôˣ˰񾩵ʦ
һ˼ϯŭĤҪơŶ䣬һ䣺ǸôӺ˵أ
ʩ̣Žֵһ䣺ʹ˵ɣ
ָ⣬һָ½ĳס
˼ϯ½γñд»ΪΡ
վм䣬˵ţǲܵģ
½ĵ˪һ˼ϯĻΪΡ
˼ϯ½ĵľӸȤǧΪĽǣ´򿪡
ڻΪּӹһķ½ƻĲںϡ
ƺҪ֣ͻȻʩּ⣬ָ
½˼ϯڻΪУ޷סһ
ſ˫ֵڽ֮ǰ赲ǹȴת˸䣬˽ϣ۵ý³һѪ
ҲǿѪһؾͳһֱ֦ӳ֡
½еĵֱ֣֣Ϯֵ֦
ʩƵóһδ򿪣֦Զ
˼ϯû֦ᣬҲдһΪΣ֦ԭأǾƵش򿪣֦̽С
˼ϯűʣָŸڿеĻһ䣺ǡǼ𣿡
ʩžᶯ˶ָԶַɻУһ䣺˵˵𣿡
˼ϯһ֣ڲϽջؿڴС
ǴЦ׳׳ʩһ䣺ûж֣
ʩ¶һ΢ЦָָϻΪµīˮӡһ䣺Ŷ
˼ϯһ׸ߣͯӵģˮ嵽Ϊδī
ֿ½˼ϯܵʣûˣ
½ûӦͱ˼ϯƵһߣ˼ϯ˵ţ£Ͻÿÿ׺ݵĳСӸϽѵҪǿˣ϶ģ
һ֣ϴʮ˼ϯ˵ǜֳ֜Ӻ棬˭
½ĵͻȻ˼ϯһ䣺˭
ĻһϷǰһ䣺ҡ


66 Ѹ£
5.3£
ɫɫôƧɫȴڰ𪵽Щ͸ļϣǴӻ߳ˡ
ᣬڳ˶λ˵Ļ嵽ɢͷƸո˯Ѱ㣬ָԼҡ
߱ȽҪߺܶ࣬ɫĳ۵ơ
˳֮Уͻأǰǡ
ĺʣ˲òǰλМˡ
̧ͷϜ޲˫˫ɫͫǱɫ򻨰Χһ
ɵؿڣһ䣺㡭ǜ
Ϸ˵ͷֶָ̧ߵ׹ػظţţŶ
ָ䣬źˮĳýֵеһ˿⡣
һ㣬̽˵ļ׵У̲סһ

룬М˰˳ϴˡԭ½Ķ׹
˸ζôһ١
˼ϯĿŻعѿڶĻ䱻ӵĶһ
˵ţҡǳ
ĳ΢΢´ǰ걻һΪµӵ뻳С
ҹɫ۷ɣ걻ӵʱı飬ÜЩϤ
ʱҲһôǸҪˡ
ǸҲǸµһüۡԼ벻Ҫⴥ˵δޡ
̧һ䣺Էĳʲôˣ
½˻һ䣺ǼҸ
Ǹ˵ɫͫ䣬ǰϣƽȫ
仰Լϴˣ¶΢Ц½Լԭ½½Ķӡ
½㣿
˼ϯ⻰ȫļƤð˳ĵһ;ȻǸ½Ѿͷ㣬ֱǿ¡
ǜıôϲļįõ˿ο
վ½Ľֿ¶΢Ц˫ϵͫɵɫ˶ů
¶΢Ц˵ţ̫ˣľ˾˜
˻ȫû뵽ɵ۰Χһ𷢳Ծ˵ţ˾ˣ
½Ҳͷһ䣺ǶŮŶ
һзһУ˵ţ
һ̫ˣ˯εŶѡŬԼӣ˼ϯʩʱֱٻ˳ɹ˽ֵļС
ֿεЩģǰѯʣû°ɣ
εֲƯϰǳɰǵǣֵĻһ䣺ڸʲô
ַ𣬿˼ϯһŴǰ˵ţԭ㲻Ů˰ΪŮˣԸˡ
û뵽Ǹˡһ˳ôɫʲô
ʩһʰߣһ㲻һֱ
˼ϯȫںεŵŭȡ˸ڵϡ
εţŬתע˵ţŶסǸϷǡ
εֱӻش𣺡ʮ֪
ֲţô֪
ε˻ؿֻ֪Ƕ֪
̧ͷֳ˺ڻ˯Ľ⣬֪顣
½Ĝ˵Ұֻ˵Լǰһ깷񾩵˽ȥꡣ
仰˵ţ½ô˵
½ͷȫѾ뱻½ĸжУҸ
½ô
½ʮ֪ڜǣѯǿ֪ƽ֮
˻ҡҡͷҲܾûֶˡ˵ףѾٶˣٹҾܻصˡ
۵Ļ䣬˵ţȷʵܼ֣һ˵ڻٵĵطɽ硣԰ɣ˼ϯ
˼ϯͻȻŵеľƺòȣصǰǰǰûġ˵ףûдĻǣӶᷢѿ
ոǸ֦˴׳ǹҲôðɣ
һƵݸʩ͵ԭǹ鷳Ķ񺦳һ˺ǡ
Ժܶ˶뽫˳ȥҲ֪ʲô誽˼ѱɳ
ò˵ĺ
ǵĽ֪ͣΪʲôͻȻ뵽ݣ뵽Щļ
ס½һ䣺½ݣ㻹ǵҸ˵Ǹ
½ͷţݵ鲢ûнǸӶ񻯡ݵĶҲûбˣ˹⳷֦Щǰ
ôܵļƻͼضܴһݵΪʹѿȻٽѡ֮ϣѿӴǧ
ʮڿ
Ҫʲô


67 Ѹ£
5.4ϣ
˶Ŀۼ½ϣ½ȴĿ֣ƽܻشһ
ִûյڴ˵ĻԲṼԷڴ
Ǹҹɫ۵꣬ǱŨܵĽë£ɫ飬һڽֵߡ
ͨǻ֮ΪΡ˵ףóڽ½ϡ
̫֮δ֪ܣ֪˽Ҳ֪½˽
֮½Ҳֵ֪飬Ƚ֪ĻҪࡣ
½ǽε֣ڴߴ˵
֯ԣЩŵ˵ţǼȻܽѿļյʮ˵ǧκεطԽ롣
֮ѡʮԼطûУһĶ
˵ĺģӦöǴܲµĵ㣬Ҫʮﵽ׻ʲôҪܣֵù˴µؽֽʮ
Ͼٵ񾩣ֱӽǧͺˣ
꽭ֵĻɫ΢˲֪ʲô
½һ䣺ǾʹʮУѰƽ֮
ֶߵ׹ζΪײϸСĻԡ
½ԼС׹ڽֵĶϣһ㡣
ֵĶ׹øá
ֻٶһȺ˴̼εĽҲ˵ˡ
˵һ䣺ʮǧΨһͬľӡǰڤ誡
֡εһһ䣺˵ʲôӡǰڤ誣
˼ϯ仰ཱུҲһ𾪣ָŽһ䣺Сô֪
ʩΪ˻ǰˣ
˼ϯһֻźĶȳţŶһֵĶ
ϵ˲أ˼ϯҲССȭͷأֻǻƵýе㰭ۡ
Ƶεţ˭
ǽܵŶλͯģľǹ˼ϯһλǻʩ
λָ꣬Ϸµ˵һ䣺λǜ
⻰һƽ
˼ϯ㵽εߣҲյεߣ׼ԼԹͷһ
ϧոյεţһͱεƵ𴦡
εЩʩһ䣺ҪЩǿ誵顣
誵ķӡô򵥽
⻰ǿɲһŶǾн⿪ӡָΣ
εű˿ֿʼʹŽ˵ţôܣֱڿЦ
λʥһӡĽԲױ⿪
εųīʥʥϲǷǳ϶λʥ
⻰ЦָŽֵһ䣺ʮ飬仹ʲôӡס
ͻȻ˶Ŀ۵ϣ֪ʮ顣
֪ʮ
񣬽ֱӸ㣬ҲЩ𾪡
˵ʵԴӽʮûһ²еȡ
ѾΪճߵ˵Ļ¶óԾ
½⻰Žһ䣺ᡣ
ý޻˵
ᡱ˵úܾΪ飻ֿΪ⿪ӡϾû¡
εʱҲĳ˼ͻȻҲʶԡ
ֲǹ֮˵ĿԺܴǹ֮ˣ⿪ӡĿԺܴ
εؿŽ֣۵һʧ롣
ʵǺὭ֣ٸ½ЩȣֻǺˡ
ĻҲ˼ϯеڶϷԼؿڶǵһ䣺ǲ̫ǷˣΪҺʩΪʲôʺƵطЭ飬誵ĻϻԲܳ
ʩһĬĬһ䣺ô˵˳ȥǲΥŵԼҪǱ֪˵ҪӼĴŶ
˼ϯɹʯʩеЩ죬Ҳǵһ䣺ڣûƷӡ
˵ʵҸով;Щˡո˵Ǵģ
˻׼ͷǰ
ߵ½һ䣺ŶǲǴġ
ʩһѰζġŶ½һ䣺Իһ˽
л˵
ʵҸѾд73û޵ǸÿΪиëϲϡճĻҾһֱŸӣͻŬ壬ɴ˵´ĶϵĲ㣬ʵڲ˼һŬĵë


68 ޣ
5.4£
֮죬֮أȻķӡ곡ҲΪ˵ص⣬Žʮڴ˴񾩵ĳʮеĶǧֻ޽һͨԳΪΪֵĴڡ
·ѷ⣬·Ҳ˴һʮȻб
֮ȸ֮֮£ǵصĻǶ䣬ſ꣬ʮΧΧʮĵػϤӰվڻõķǰڵȴ˵Ļϡ
Ϊ׵һͷںľɫľ̳ɸβĸߴ䴩Źʽȴ¶׳ؿڡǹľƺɫصڸס϶ͼơ
һ̵ֱĽҵӽңǾˣ;Լ˿ʹ
Уη塣ֻϵĶвһ¶ӣŽҵһ䣺ʲôٿͰڳ
һüͷһ䣺ȥ𣿡
Ϣĺǳ⣬ŵøϽС֮죬ϢҪһ㵽ҵϡ
ôζѬ죬ʵܡ
ҼУиӷŭƶǵﺦҲɲɲ
嶼Ǳˮݴĺ࣬ÿһ綼˶ЩҲȣų꣬ռ塣
ζʵɹǣ۵·߲ȫĴŵƬ۾ˣ÷ƶǰ
ߵġһ䣺ﹻ˰ɡҡŲסˡ
ѾڵϵĽңԴǸҡҡԴ˵ţŶӡҲǸ˵ˣҪܰЩӷųȥ
˵Ҳ˽ҵֱʩҵȡŵʮ֮ˡ
ĽңʹࡣͫɫҺ壬ֱϲ˺ɫİơЩͬʦϵĶһ㣬ֻδ塣
ϢЩϡʣµĶмء͡һ
е۾һ䣺ϢǶҵ
Ҳ⣬Ͼ⽭ҿ㽫Ķ
Ϣ롰ͬΪ壬˵ĹϵһֱˮݡϢƲϡ̣ģҲϢΪ顣
˶¶Ǿˮˮ״̬ΪϵŲò¡
Ϣ롰£ϵַ̡ܲǡõͬĽϢ֮ֱϢ
̴ָŵΪܲ˶ɶһֱĽҵһ䣺ҿϹˣɢˡ
ӿɱˣҲãҲãЩɶϢǰţص񾩵ġ
Ϣ֪񾩻ᶢǣʦǸ壬Ͳܽ񾩣ʦǵӣȻ󰵵һ
Ŀŭ׹⣬֪İĳҲƽϣ̵ֻ⻰˵ģͶҹһռȥˡˣˣ֪ҹ
һҪˣȫҹϡ
˵ܲˡֻǲʺϷһ䣺Ҽҹ˶ԼúܣҪ۹֪ûǣƻô׳ɹ
˵ǣôֻ㣬ôô׻Ҫҵȶã
˻ʳָңһ˵δͷŷ󽥽Ļһ䣺ˣ
䣬ֱӽʮͨ
һֱڵϵĽңѪֱۣķƣվؿˡ
¶ȣһ䣺ô㣡
û˵Ļᣬһʮڡ֮ҲǱʮڣԵĿĵء
һе½˵һ䣺Իһ˽
⻰ͷ˼ⲻ̫ܣʮô׾ܴ롣
½ܽʮҪʮɺ󣬽֮ȨһΪơȨơ롱Ȩ
ԣʮɲһ򵥵顣ǰ񾩵ʥҲҪԼ
˶ͷ˼һ䣺Ҿá
һڣ˶Ŀ۵ϣЩš
½ˣļýֹһ䣺ҾҪȷһǿǷĴˡ
⻰ҲϾ⼸꣬ı仯϶лҪ
ˣɾ׵ܣԼ̫š
ˣڣһ޴ı̫ýֵѣƶĤ顣
˳ĳǵʹ֮˼ϰϯʩϤܵһ䣺ѽþûˣͬ
5.24޸:һЩ̨ʡҪԭϢĶ԰׸ĳϢǰе졣
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˵ЩǸһСʱйעҡղⱾСɰǵǸôҾõˡͬʱҲп¸µСɰǵһллǣⱾ顣Ȼ˺ܶ಻õ飬˵һˣšȥ½ûһ˿ҲҪдꡣ⻹һ£ӱܿʼָء׷ܵһٶʮ졷ŹϱС֮ʾ¼˳ÿһ¡ոҪӸ


69 ޣ
5.5ϣ
޺ɫļ²ʯС֦Щ֦˴ʮΪ޷һڰ壬ֻǵӣӷ׵ضѻһһѺںɫཬ
Щཬ֦мһϸϸ֦ʮĵػȱڴ롣һӴ˵Ļǣ޲԰ӿȱڡ
֦֮ϵļоڵĻǣҲۼȱڴӲؽСȱڼɾ޴Ķ
εĲл꣬оϢȱڴñ޴¡ȱҲ֦µʵʵ
лǱŵĴɢɼٶȾˣ˲¼ֻл꣬ɫøޡ
лƽʱƮʮڣȻһ尾յĶͣһй
ҪɢˣǱֺµתΪл꣬һ̶ġ
ǹıܣÿٻͬ顢εˡжԹ˵ɱߣɶһɽ˵νһ
һ岻ûлǣ෴ǵĻǳȹʱڻҪӰǵĻȶһֻǱ˺ѵʹࡣ
֡½εǵһ۵˶ɫɷסʹЩɫȥҲò˶١
˼ϯʩ˼ϯЩ˵ţѽþûˣ
ˣüͷ΢֪һڹʮڵĲл꣬²лǷⱯҵĿ
̸лۼ֮أĽֵ˼뿪Ҳֻ˼ϯʩվԭأĹǺ
ֻһᣬʩҲϜֻ˼ϯһվڿյĴ˵ţҲȥȵҰ
˼ϯ棬ͯģҲǶ̫࣬ϵлۼʱǡѾʧ
ۼرɫ׳֦һſҲԱ˶Ӱ㻶졣
֦Ķ˳޵Ļ䣬¶ϵ۾Žֵˣǵļֵ
εżǼʵණôܻѵǴģ
־òܣ̣ȴǽ⡣شεһ䣺ܣ
Ӳ֦͵͵һֳ½ĳסҲǹǰ
״Ҳϵʩչ˱ƽǵļԼĲ²˵һ䣺Ǵӵػֻû׻𡣡
룺Щ֦ܹʮķӡ誵ķӡ˵Ļᱻǽ⿪
½˵Ĺ޷ֻܻǣǰ
֪½˲ᣬεšˣ½Ҳв˿ڡתһޱʩûкõİ취ǣ
ŵ˼ϯʯϸ֦֮̾һ䣺ǳ˶ٻǣô׳Ҫɣ
ʩ״Ҳһ䣺⻹ûļ֦ܸ꣬һ֡
ޱʩһ䣺ǲУɼȥڳȥ誷ӡ˵Ļᱻ⣡
˼ϯ֣һӡ⣬ʩвУܰ誷ų
ʩҲ̫ΣʲôҲһ飬ǹ޹ء
ʣ룬̲סԜһ䣺Ҿûô򵥣Һ㸺ػ÷ӡ
ȜӦʩ˼ϯͷŻõһɽˮСɽˮеĹ˼
֦ɽˮ̱ˮī״֮С
ԭˮһɫɽɫ՝Ļ֮ϣһ䲼Ļ䡣仨Ŵֳ֦һֱ׷һͯ
֦ڲϵӿ뻭֮Сⳤ콫ʩ˼ϯҲ֦뻭Уһл
˼ϯʩ뻭л֦ڲӿ롣ֻܼ֮Ļл
֮⣬һӰ֦ʸ½;ͻȻת˸һ˵Ľ֡
½һ䣺Сģ
Ǽʸ֣ȴ׹γɵĻ¡
ҲͷųһӰˡ
ǺӰУڵϣ¶һ˫ʺ˵ţ⣬ӣ㺦ģ
һһ䣺ңô
ѵһжģ
ֵſŵĽϲ˹ԭļʲôζʱƤֵģ
ɵ״еŮ˵֡еŮ˵Ľţǻ¶Ů˵
һμôŨĹݳĺףǺŮӵĿݹǡ
ϵĽ۵ýһҧݺݵضŽ˵ţ֣ΪŹϱܳ
ˣԶԽҡҸ㣬ˣŶˣ㣬㡢㡢㡭ǶҪҪ
ε⻰˸˵ţ˵˵ҿɣҲԼǸʲô
𳤹һǼؿڣ˿ڣɽƺһҲۡ
ҼεŵļʸãشЦһ㻹Ҫ㵽ʱϽһ򾡣
һ䣬һϤӰ֦
ּǺӰԾصһ䣺ô㣿򣡡
⻰
֮ǰСָͬΪʵ˶٣͸оİһ㡣
л˵


70 
5.5£
֮񾩵ڶѡ֮ء
ѡλδʼ˾ͼɫ罫֮ļ̨Χס
֮ϣŮɴŸʽճӰ輿貽
ɫӰ輿ĵ֮裬ڳЩѡ߻Ӱ輿һŤ
ЩǺֺϷѡ֪ڶѡε˺һλ߷ڡĺý䲻֪ʲôѡηʽ˶еֹƽ
ԼǶԺ뾴أڴѡʱѹ󲿷ֲѡ߻Ϊǵĸ裬ûвһ˿ֻ֣֪ˣΪǺǴѡ֮ǰķɣһЩĲѡȴΪЩ˾ǺõĿ⣬Ҫרо
ǳһɣѡ߶ˣֻʣһֱеɫƣţûµģһûµġ
Ӹոտʼϵ򣬷ȥѶַɻУǵһγ֡
ܵĹȻöôҲġ߹ʱѶɻ֮£ţѵڽ֮ˣ
һ룬ӵָӽסɫƣɫҲ֪ΪδӸոտʼͷ쳣ȶȡ
ȶԽԽߣ̵ֱ˼𶪵ƣһؾѡ
ݷͣһѿڶ
ͬʱ䣬ͬĵص㡣
Ҳһ䣺򣡡
ܻ»Ӱ𾪡Ǿȵ˻˺۵򶪵ǰ
̧ۿˣһ䣺ô㣡
˴һϮ޺ɫȸų͵ػһ䣺ңɵڰҽгʲô
Ҷ޺ȸһ䣺ȻǲڸǶ£ο㲻Ҳ뿴ǳԾı飬εǵ񣬹ҪƤ
εһʾػһ䣺ģһ
ǰ˾һĳɾ͸Сǿ֣ôʱĲãһһ㽫͵
Žֵһ䣺òӣ
ֶӡֻǵȸŵһλӣεͬšԭȸŵεſɾӡ̡
ôܽȸһİࡢͽ
εŴһϣ
εƼεţмط˵ţŶнǡʵû뵽ǻûȻ֮λ鴫
ֻҲ̫Ǳ˰ɣ
εűε̵òѪָεһҪɱȸ鹵Ůˡ
ˣ뽫εһ򾡡
εƳεŵĹƣŽҺǳһ䣺ų
ҵѾƲסڵԩ꣬뽫ųǱɵġֻ˶ʩܽų
סͣҲƲסŨҵ֮ϵÿһë׶·𱻳Ŵ󣬴ëһһƵ֦
֦һ¶ڿоͳһſѪڲѪˮڣը֮ʱ˳Ѫˮһͷ
ЩͷΪŮӣ긽ڹͷ֮ϣһצһӣԴһ紵겻
ȫ£վڹ֮ǰ¹ϮϮԹʴ䡣
εҲûʸּ˺Сģ
Ǽʸͱ½ĳ䣬½һõεɣ
εһ䣺ôô˵ˣô۸һŮӣ˭ɣ
δ䣬ŻļʸͳεεغȻһȴҲʸ˵˸첲
εʱҲˣƤŭĿεţһ䣺ɣ
һԵεεĻЦ˵ȡ֮ ֮
֮ǰ˵ԴոǼʸѾǿǴʱε岻ãʸӦҪε
סؿڣ³һѪһԵĽס
ץŽ֣˵ţɱǡˡ
ֵǵؿεţȴִѾ˹ȥýչ˺εţҲǹս
ս֮ڣɷϣ֮ǰϵ뜯òֲ١
֦סȫĽңҲ֦ƣع½̫һ½Ķ֣֮£½Ѿ֦ףж˽ҵĸ첲
ҷһŭ𣬹Ѹ͡żεļʸϮ½
ּǶսһ߸εƣһߺʶеĺӡһµؾһ䣺ǡǲݱŮǵĹǺô
ô˵뵽Լμĳ͵ѹЩʳŮӣԭҪɹԸ
ԹûɢǸ۷ԻЩˡ
ǼԹǱεߣֱֵҵڣ񾩡
һıŲߵļƻ
ĵǰƻĿֻͼԶεҶȻֻնǵɽ֮ơ
һСģֻն
ε䣬չһЦ˵ţϣһˡ
һŲϣһ䣺Ҫ˭뿪Ҿɱ
л˵
ӦûὫϲᣬıں棡Ŭ֣ڴŶ


71 
5.6ϣ
ҹɫմȾŰɫѪѪҺ͸ۣѽϵ󷨣ڵ嵲סһػ
ڵϣ˺ݺݵһţƺһ̧ͷǰվżλϤˡЩ˶һŵŲǸˣûע⵽ѡ
ֻнּѣˣ
Цһɱεڽ£ε˵Ǿ䣺Ҫ˭뿪Ҿɱ
ϧⷬڽȫûãýǹƽεڻεպһֱӽεĽ˻
־ͽ򶪵һԣεһ䣺ϻ࣡ǹ
ǹֱεŵʧɫֱӶ㵽󡣽Ҽεƣһ
һûнȴ½һ֧첲첲أԭ֦̰ʧֻѪģĸ첲
˫ʧסĳǹǰѳǹź̴ؿڣ̴˿ڴɫı˪ﵽȫס
ͻȻеĸ밢㣬Լʱ֦裬ֶ֮ƿѡ
Ҫڰ񾩴һƬأҪΪѰһλȽķõŹӡ
⡢⣡
һ뽭ȣѧʱʱҪڴʱ˿̣Ҳúá
˵Ǿ䣺ⲻԼѡ
ԼԽһ㣬ȥ񾩵·۸⣬᲻ھͲ䵽˵ز
һк񶼽ˣڱ۾ǰܿĽ⣬һ䣺ɵӡ
Թɵ֦ŵĽ룬һƺʧڿСֿŵµĽңһ˵ϧ
εҼڴ˴½ǵȴʱ䡣ѾĵزѾ
𳤹ţڻң
ϧͷ޴ջǵв飬Ϊ촷ۡεվµ촷УŜδڣ嶼εѹѹҲ㻯Ϊ촷ۡ
վ촷У۱ǿסļ̾һ䣺ǻ˶ٻļ
ֺ˵һݳǡɴʱ̸Щʱ֪ҡεֻʱĹߣ誵ķӡΣڵϦ
½ֽһ䣺չ˵ˣԼСġ
һ֪½ҪȥػӡҲȥػӡǺȴʶţȥȥǧȥ
ֱͷۣһʱЩѣ½ȷס½ֵҲδԼʳָһѪˮ׹֮С
ʣˡʲô
ʮͻȻҡʶĺӷУţǸҪˣ
Ǹˣ
Ϊ׹ûбӵļΣվ½˵һ䣺ˣӡҵˡ
̷룬½˴ΣգŽ򣬸ͱεŵĽһӡ֮ء
ǼСĵضͻȻʯ飬ʮ׵ǰ˷ӡ誵ĳ
ǳȻһƬ򣬺֮²ޣ޽
վں֮ϣѯʣֱ׹뺣Сֵ˼Ưʬ״ʱ
ųǹδ˵һֱ뺣С½ˣһ۽֡
ΪҪ˵ʲôȴ½ͷϽֵ׹ǺᣬǾȴýֵ΢΢һ
½γԭҹɫڽֵϣ¶װɫĽ֮
ɫķչֱӷС
վԭأŽͻȻе㲻ᡣ
򿴵Ļһ䣺˽Ĺϵã
˽½֣Ѿ֪ˡʵҲû뵽½ֹĶպһģһ
عߵεǰ˵ţĹϵ𣿡
û뵽ֻʳ䣬룬ЩĽ˵һ䣺û˽ôðɣϾҵҵĳɼҲ
˵ʵԸʵʺϰ񾩡
̸ֿʱᣬͻȻһ䣺Ŷͺʺ
һֱ룬Ϣӵô죬˭©Ϣֻ˵ϢһͨĹ壬㷨ǿҲܲô걸Ĵ֡
һλ˼֮ˣܲôľ֣ͬʱݵϢһֱѹ¡ϵĺˣҲʦǵĶ֣˲תĿֶΣĿΪѹϢΪ˽񾩡
˵һֱ㣬ҿ㿴ú͸һװܺߣһݺϵãѵȡ𣿡


72 
5.6£
Զɽüɽ֮ġ
һμ𣬾֪ܵɫãֻƺ̫ˡս˵Ǻӻû顣
룬ⲻǺܺ𣿳ƯޱԸϲԱͷΡ
ⲻϲΪʲôҶǸ˿̡벻͸벻͸ǸӶĵ⣬Լ˶Է·
룬Լ·ÿҲ߲֮·ҳһֱСɵӣʵҲ
ֻɵеʱҲһֵʱΪս޵죬һζ˷Ȼ֮У᲻ãȥһۣ˵Ǿ䣺αأֵ𣿡
𱻹ڼˮУǱ˰ʮһޣɫĴҧơôһŽε̧ʱΪ֮ޡ
³Ѫ˵ţҡһҪϰ񾩵ʦȺ߸ϵĻ쵰
ЦˣһβκαװЦˡ߽ˮУգ˵ţǡ
޴
ݴ٣Ϊ̽·ߣﵽʱĹͬҾɲһŴΡϢҪʱ䣬ֻøϢһϷ
ǺϷ࣬Ҫ̨˽û취ֻһ߸洫ϢһϢǸϽ뿪Ϣ˵Ҫһ˽֦񾩣ѡȴָŵƺľҪŮɵĽҡ
ɺܼ򵥣һЭˡ
ҲġȻΪ˻˼
ݴٱƣεĽ룬ԭڸڷ֮¡εС˼ƲϡҲµεԸֶֻҲǱɣԸһ𳤴Ľã˿յĽҪá
ֻȸš׻ŵĹرգǰ׼Ĵ޷ڣ漱Ҫ⿪ӡֻǸ£½ġرֻͨҪʧܣɱ⡢εžͺá
룬Щܵϰ񾩵ɳȻԼĸ١
ģûдôɱǣɽͻȻת̬ȣǾ䣺˵һֱ㣬ҿ㿴ú͸һװܺߣһݺϵãѵȡ𣿡
룬ھͶɱ˰ɣ
Ҳװ˵ģԭıǻһƵġ
Щţʶĺӷײ˵ţͲ֪ίߣȻڰɱ
½ֻҪӣûҪ
ȴ룬½ȥ϶Σأڼһں氵ǣ϶롣֪ҪΣ̫࣬ҲǣҪֻܿԼ
֪ӻ˵ԲҲǵǸʲôļһ
ŽֵģЩԲŽֵһ䣺Һܺ棬ôģ
ֲҺˣǻԵεţҲԤ׼һ䣺ζôѪȻû㡣ѵΪ֤𣿡
룬ý˵ȷʵʵĿɲ֪᲻֪ЩȻֻûαװãǾˡ
ὣָڳ֮ϣƶЩѾ֡
彣Ӱͱø첲ĳ׹죬ֱ³Ľȴֱӽײϡ
׹µĽΪܵˡڳ̬
ԼļڳϵƳ׹ıӣ̾һ䣺ǱԷıҲˣ
ٴƲλһҵĽֳ֣سĹվȲֱ߳ײʯڡʯ֮ϣԭˡ
׹ıޣѳǿ֮ĩЦ֪˵˵档ҵĶ֣ǣ˵ǲǴ
һĨͿĨڳ֮ϣһ
޴
ɻȥĽ˷Ϯ֡תƽڵεţŽǰ׼Էһ
𣬽εŽ޵пһ䣺նౡ
ǰεѾֱסԶ׼׷ɸ̤ͷѾ󷨡
̧һϣȴüĽ֣һ䣺ӣСˡ
л˵
࣬ϲȥ


73 
5.7ϣ
ӵһθ˵ǧķϵʱ̸֡ϾԭʡԼ̫ԾͲõˣǵ£Ҳ޷ĵ¡
Ψһž֮ϣҪͼƵķǳʺϽ֣ٱȵҪʺϡ
ҵ˷򣬽ֻҪĵ伮ѧϰһʵɹһ롣
ɽֵʱޣѧϰ伮Ѿеʱ䣬һҪμѡΣһ߻ҪоѡιҴææĽճۣʵʱЩʧܡ
ѾƵʵֻܱ֮ˮһս
ʶĺѾ˻û̯һſڵ˵ţ֮סӣҪѪ
ֽĹײ䣬˳ÿ³ѪԸ֪Уʹǻûа٣ȫϵĳ¡
пǸ½ѧãʱȥݵĴϣûٱ۸½һЩȭŹרΪá
תĿ꣬续ãóΪ۽ԭء
ıԷЩ仯Žֵһ䣺ӣС㡣
ֱεţһ䣺ҪлС
޷һ䣺һŹ壬ΪҪЩ
ЦŻһ䣺ΪʲôҪ㣿
Цһȡεŵĳһ䣺ͻشңֻѡһ
ųŶԷܸ˺Ҳ֪뵽ʲôȻЭصһ䣺ðɣðɣ˵
֮Ϊ𡣡
ƺŪһȣѪȾҹɫ۵ɫ󣬶һ䣺ĲܶЩᣬҲһˡոǸֻһӣףĻشõʲôĳͷ
ٴ˵ֻѡһǸң֪ĶǳΪӡ
оС˿ڵʹ̧ͷǰЩϸ꣬Ƭ̣ʣ˵ľʵðɡû⣬Ҹ˵һĽҡεһЩ飿
־𹭣˵ţ˵
¶ĥı飬ƣȴǰ⣬˵ţţкܶ˰ɣϾҶǧͦġ
Ϊ˫ΪĹ򣬱񾩰ĹءӦɣȻҲصؽָΪ֡
һֱ֣ʾⲻ֪ݡ
Լұˣ¶յر˵ţӻ㲻ȤĶô죿Ҳ֪˵ЩʲôˣӡѾ⿪ˡ
һɺͻȻֲͻȻһ޴УתŰҲ
γɵĿϯƻ˵ϵơ
Уصһ䣺
Ƶƻ𽥻ָ֪Žֵһ䣺һҲˣ
𳤽ַ֣ųļʸۼųҪ֣ʶĺѾʡ
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75 
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